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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cumulative Final > Flashcards

Cumulative Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Where is gray matter in the brain?

A

it forms the cortex-the outside of the brain

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3
Q

Where is white matter in the brain?

A

in the medulla -inside the brain deep to the cortex

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4
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

the hollow portions of the brain filled with CSF

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5
Q

The cortex of the spinal cord is composed of ____ matter

A

white

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6
Q

in central cavity of the spinal cord is surrounded by ___ matter

A

grey

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7
Q

what cells are responsible for producing CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the chorid plexis

A

activitly pumps sodium cations into the ventricles from the blood.

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9
Q

CSF is similar to blood minus the _____

A

proteins

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10
Q

The largest section of the brain is called the _____

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

What are the three regions of the cerebrum?

A

the cortex, medulla, and the basal nuclei

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12
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Perceives sensations, initates movment, memory, thought, reason, and emotion

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13
Q

What are gyri in the brain?

A

curves

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14
Q

what are sulci in the brain?

A

grooves

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15
Q

the two hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the?

A

corpus callosum

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16
Q

What are the associated traits of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

artistic

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17
Q

What are the associated traits of the left hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

reasoning, logic

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18
Q

what are the five main lobes of the cerebrum?

FPTOI

A 
Frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
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19
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

voulntary movement
analyze sensory info
personality

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20
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobes?

A

sensory responce
speech reconition
emotion expression

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21
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobes?

A

auditory sensations, visual and auditory memory

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22
Q

what are the functions of the Occipital lobes?

A

Visual sensations and integration

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23
Q

What are the functions of the insula lobe?

A

possibly memory

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24
Q

What are the two cerebral layers?

A

the cortex and the medulla

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25
Q

What are the three types of functional areas in the cortex?

A

Motor
Sensory
association

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26
Q

What are the four main motor areas in the cortex?

PPBF

A

Primary (somatic) motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field

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27
Q

What is the function of association areas?

A

they integrate diverse information

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28
Q

What is the function of sensory areas?

A

they all conscious awareness of sensation

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29
Q

In what lobe of the brain can the primary and pre motor cortex be found?

A

the peritial lobe

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30
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary moments

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31
Q

What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?

A

it controls learned repetitious, patterned motor skills
Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
*staging area for skilled motor activities
Plug phone in behind desk

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32
Q

Where is the broca’s area located?

A

on only one hemisphere usu. left on the front portion of the temporal lobe

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33
Q

What is the function of the brocas area?

A

It is the Motor speech area. It directs the muscles of the tongue

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34
Q

When is the brocas area active?

A

when one is about to speak

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35
Q

What portion of the brain allows voluntary eye movement?

A

the frontal eye field

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36
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Receives information of the skin and skeleton
allows for spatial discrimination
it is contralateral-left associated with right vice versa

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37
Q

What is the function of the Somatosensory association cortex?

A

It integrates sensory information
forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus
determines size, texture, relationship
*horse vs Dog

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38
Q

What are the functions of the visual sensory areas?

A

THey receive and interpret information from retinas
Primary visual cortex-largest sensory area
Visual association area-interprets color, form, moment

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39
Q

What are the three major auditory areas?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Auditory asssociation area
wernickes area

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40
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

allows you to interprets pitch, location, and loudness

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41
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

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42
Q

What is the function of wernickes area?

A

allows us to understand written and spoken language

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43
Q

What is the function of the vestibular cortex?

Located in the?

A

Balance/head position

insula

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44
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

location?

A

Smell

medial temporal lobes

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45
Q

What is the gustatory cortex?

location?

A

Taste

insula

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46
Q

What is the function of the visceral cortex?

A

stretch receptors
full stomach/bladder
cramping

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47
Q

What is the function of the anterior/prefrontal cortex?

A

Intellect, cognition, recall, personality

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48
Q

What is the function of the posterior association area?

A

Patterns and faces

self and spatial relationships

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49
Q

What is the function of the limbic area?

A

Emotion impacts of information RED PEN

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50
Q

What are the three was that the brain communicates within itself?

A

Comissures
Association fibers
Projection fibers

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51
Q

What are commissures?

A

Connection of areas of grey matter from seperate hemispheres

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52
Q

What is an example of a commissure?

A

The corpus Callosum

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53
Q

What are association fibers?

A

fibers that connect different parts of the same hemispheres

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54
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

fibers that connect from the hemispheres and the lower brain/spinal cord

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55
Q

What are the four major portions of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus
the hypothalamus
the epithalamus
Corpora quadrigemina

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56
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

It is the sensory relay center

responsible for autonomic responses to intense pain

57
Q

What ventricle does the thalamus encompass?

A

the third ventricle

58
Q

What are some of the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostatic control

Controls hormone producing glands

59
Q

What are some functions of the epithalamus?

A

Contains the pineal gland-produces melatonin

contains the choroid plexus-secretes-CSF

60
Q

What are the two portions of the corpora quadrigemina?

A

The superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi

61
Q

What is the function of the Sup, Colliculi?

A

it is involved in reflexes movments of the head and body towards stimuli
Startle responce

62
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

It is an integral part of auditory pathways in the CNS passes imput into the Sup. Colliculi

63
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

The midbrain
the pons
the medulla oblongata

64
Q

How many of the 12 cranial nerves connect to the brainstem?

65
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

It contains the Cerebral peduncles
cerebral aquedect
and various nuclei

66
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

It is composed of white matter tracts
connects cerebellum and Mo, Sends motor impulses
Assists medulla in breathing regulation
associated with sleep and arousal

67
Q

Wat is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls vital functions and reflex control

68
Q

What are the white matter tracts of the cerebellum called?

A

the arbor vitae

69
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates balance, eye movments, controls posture, locomotion, fine motor skills

70
Q

What are the two major types of sleep?

A

REM and Non-REM

71
Q

How many stags of sleep are there?

72
Q

The most restorative stage of sleep are the ___wave states

73
Q

What are the three principles of memory?

A

Storage
Processing
Memory traces

74
Q

Where does memory processing occur?

A

the hippocampus

Hippos go to university to learn and process memory

75
Q

What are the three layers of the Brain meninges?

A

THe dura mater
The Arachnoid mater
the Pia mater

76
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

The protective mechanism that maintains a stable environment for the brain

77
Q

What are the three aspects of the epitheial tissue that form the blood-brain barrier?
CTF

A

The continous endothelium of capillaries
the thick basal lamina
the feet of the brains astrocytes

78
Q

The BBB is ineffective agains substances that can diffuse through what membrane?

A

Plasma membranes

79
Q

Give two examples of substances that can pass the BBB

A

Hormones and Lipophilic substances alcohol, other drugs

80
Q

Where is the BBB absent?

A

The hypothalamus

81
Q

What can increase the ability of chemicals to pass the BBB?

82
Q

The epidural space is the space between the _____ and the _____

A

vertebrae and the Dural sheath

83
Q

What fills the Epidural space

A

Fat and veins

84
Q

70% of our sensory receptors ar associatd with what special sense organ?

85
Q

What is the function of the eyebrows?

A

Magnify facial expression and protect the eyes from water

86
Q

What is the function of the eyelids?

A

to moisten and protect the eyes

87
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

it is a transparent mucus membrane that covers the eye and inner eyelid

88
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

It consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts.

89
Q

Where does the lac app drain?

A

the nasal cavity

90
Q

What is the function of the Lac. APP?

A

Cleanses and lubes the eye surface

delivers O2 to the conjunctiva

91
Q

What are the three cavities of the eye?

APV

A

Anterior Chamber-cornea and iris
Posterior Chamber-iris and lense
Vitreous Chamber-Lense and retina(contains vitreous humor)

92
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous, Vascular(choroid), Retina

93
Q

What is aqueous Humor?

A

Watery liquid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

94
Q

What is Vitreous Humor?

A

Jelly like substance that fills the vitreous chamber

95
Q

What provides the eye with intraocular pressure? What is the use of IOP?

A

Vitreous Humor

Maintains the shape of the eye

96
Q

What is the function of the eye lens?

A

Refracts light into the eye

97
Q

What is the eye lens made of?

A

Compressed cells called lens fibers

they are filled with crystallin protein

98
Q

Where does tension in the lense come from?

A

Suspensory ligaments

99
Q

When the ciliary body contracts the suspensory ligaments ___ causing the lens to become ___
This is used for ___ vision

A

relax
thicker
Close

100
Q

When the ciliary body relaxes the suspensory ligaments ___ causing the lens to become ___
This is used for ____ vision?

A

Contract
thinner
distant

101
Q

The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two layers called the _____ and _____

A

opaque Sclera

clear Cornea

102
Q

What is the function of the Sclera?

A

Protects the eye and achors extrinsic muscles

103
Q

What is the function of the cornia?

A

it allows light to enter the eye

begins to focus the light on the retina

104
Q

What is the shape of the cornia?

A

convex to refract light

105
Q

What are the three portions of the Vascular tunic?

A

The choroid region
the ciliary body
the iris

106
Q

What are the two muscle shapes that control the pupil?

A

circular and radial

107
Q

When the circular muscles of the iris contract the pupil ____

A

becomes constricted

108
Q

When the radial muscles of the iris contract the pupil becomes_____?

109
Q

The internal tunic of the eye is also called the?

110
Q

What are the three neurons involved with visual perception.

A

Ganglion cells
bipolar neuron
photoreceptors

111
Q

What are the two types of photo-receptors found in the eye?

A

rods and cones

112
Q

What are the rods of the eyes responsible for?

A

Grey-scale vision.

They respond to dim light and detect movment

113
Q

What are the cones of the eye responsible for?

A

Color vision

Each cone synapses with a single ganglion cells

114
Q

The area of the highest cone density is called the?

A

Macula Densa

115
Q

What causes the blind spot in they eye?

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

116
Q

What 4 transparent media does light pass through before reaching photoreceptors.

A

The cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor

117
Q

Where is the source of primary light refraction in the eye?

A

the cornea

118
Q

What type of neurons are involved in olfaction

A

Bi-polar neurons

119
Q

How many chemo receptors are on the tongue?

120
Q

What are the three sections of the ear?

A

external, middle, internal

121
Q

The visible part of the ear is called?

A

the auricle

122
Q

The outer ear consists of ____ cartilage

123
Q

What is the function of the Tympanic membrane

A

the ear drum
Vibrates in response to sound
passes the vibration to the ossicles

124
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

an air filled chamber that contains the ossicles

connected to the nasopharynx

125
Q

What features separate the middle ear from the inner ear?

A

the oval and round windows

126
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

three small bones within the middle ear that carry vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the vestibule of the inner ear.

127
Q

what is the function of the semi-circular canals

A

communicates moment along 3 axes

128
Q

what is the function of hair cells?

A

take auditory stimulus and send to nervous system

129
Q

Where is pitch perceived?

A

primary auditory cortex

cochlear nuclei

130
Q

What causes tinnitus

A

Damage to hair cells cause them to continuously fire causing a high pitch ring

131
Q

What are the two types of equilibrium?

A

Static and dynamic

132
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Body position relative to gravity

133
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Body position in response to sudden movment

134
Q

What are the semicircular ducts role in equilibrium?

A

Orient rotational movment

135
Q

What are the saccule and utricles?

A

two liquid filled sacs within the vestibule.

136
Q

What are the saccule and utricles role in equalibrium?

A

respond to linear acceleration

137
Q

What is the macula?

A

a thick region in the walls of the saccule and itricle

138
Q

What is the role of the macula?

A

it contains receptors for static and linear equilibrium

location of hair cells

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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