Exam 2 Flashcards
How are joints classified?
by structure and function
Functional classification of joints are defined as?
the degree of movement allowed
Structure of joints are defined as ?
2 parts
Presence/absences of a synovial cavity
the type of CT binding bones together
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
SAD
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a synarthrosis?
They are immovable
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Amphiarthrosis? ec- What hormone causes them to become more movable in pregnant woman in late pregnancy?
They are slightly movable
relaxin
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Diarthrosis?
They are freely movable
Differ in size and shape to permit different movement types
Classify the the function joint type based off of stability vs ROM
Syn- no ROM very stable
Amphi- Lass stable very little ROM
Di- Not very stable more ROM
What are the three types of structural classifications of joints?
Fat Cats Sing
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
SSG
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Where can suture joints be found?
On the skull
What fibers fill suture joints?
Collagen
Describe the bones in suture joints?
Bones are bound tightly together but they still allow for growth
What is the functional classification of a suture joint?
Synarthrosis
What is synostoses?
When the suture joints calcify completely and become bone.
What is a syndesmoses joint?
They are types of ligaments that connect bones together for stability. found as a bundle or sheet covering articulating bones
What is the function class. of syndesmoses joints?
amphiarthritic
they allow some movment
Gomphoses joints are also called?
peg in socket jounts
What is the only example of Gomphoses?
the periodontal ligament
What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?
Symphysis
Synchrondroses
What is a Symphysis joint?
A cartilaginous joint where the ends of articulating bones are covered in hayline cart. but a broad dist of fibro cart connects the bones
Where do all symphysis occur?
at the midline
What is the functional classification of a synchondrosis ?
synarthritic
What is a synchondrosis?
a cart. joint where hyaline cart is the CT
What is a synovial joint?
Freely moving diarthroses with synovial cavity that are connected by the CT of a articular capsule and ligaments
Give and example of a suture joint
The sutures of the skull
Give an example of a synarthritic joint
Suture joints
give an example of an ampiarthrosis
a syndesmoses
What type of joints are diarthroses?
synovial joints
Give an example of a syndesmoses?
radioulnar syndesmosis
holds the radius and ulna together but allows for twisting
Give an example of a gomphoses?
periodontal ligaments
give an example of a symphysis?
pubis symphysis and vertebral disks
give an example of a synchondroses
costal cartilage and epiphyseal plates
Give an example of a synovial joint
Any movable joint
Shoulder
Ball and socket of the hip
etc
What is the Articular capsule?
A fibrous capsule surrounding synovial joints and synovial cavity.
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
The outer fibrous capsule
the inner synovial membrane
The outer fibrous cap is an extension of the bones_____
Periosteum
What does the inner synovial membrane produce?
synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid?
A very slick film produced by the synovial membrane comprised of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid
What component of synovial fluid acts as a barrier from infection?
the hyaluronic acid
What happens to synovial fluid after prolonged use?
it becomes less viscous
Synovial fluid moves in and out of articular cartilage in a way similar to a ______?
explain
sponge.
Pressure caused the fluid to rush out of the art. cart. and when the pressure is removed the fluid then flows back into the cart.
What other types of cartilage are found in joints? what form do they take?
Articular disks
the form from fibrocartilage
Articulating disks are also called?
menisci
What is the function(s) of menisci?
Improving the fit of two articulating bones with diff shapes,
allow different movements at different portions of joints
Are bursa and tendon sheaths types of synovial joints?
no but they contain synovial fluid
Other than lubrication, what are the functions of synovial fluid?
the transport and removal of waste and nutrients to the articular cartilage and menisci.
What is a bursa
A flattened fibrous bag lined by a synovial membrane
Where do bursa occur?
where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub
What is a tendon sheath?
an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction crowded tendons
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease
due to “wear and tear”
Deterioration of articular cartilage
often affects weight bearing joints
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joints
What is Gouty Arthritis?
the build up of uric acid crystals in joints
can cause joints to fuse
Planar joints articulate on ___planes?
flat
Condyloid joints allow movent ____ to ___ and _____ to ____ but do not rotate
back and forth side to side
The joint between C1 and C2 is a _____ joint
Pivot
What is a sprain?
When ligaments are torn or stretched
How do sprains heal?
If it is a tear than slowly over time
if completely torn, they require surgical repair
A subluxation is a _____
a partial dislocation
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa
What happens to Ligaments and tendons over time?
the shorten and get weak
What two types of muscle cells are elongated?
Smooth and skeletal
What are muscle fibers?
another word for muscle cells
What are the two myofilaments found in muscle fibers?
Actin
myosin
The prefixes myo, mys, sacro refer to?
muscle
What is the scarcolemma?
the muscle plasma membrane
what is the sarcoplasm?
the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Where does skeletal muscle attach?
to the bones of the skeleton
IS skeletal muscle voluntary or non-voluntary?
voluntary
Skel. muscle contracts easily and it also _____ easily as well?
tires
What two aspacts of skel muscle make it adaptable?
it can vary forces
and increase or decrease as needed
skeletal muscle makes up what % of body weight generally
80%
The wave like contractions of muscle that move things along is called?
peristalsis
What are the four functions characteristics of muscle?
ECEE
Excitable
contractable
extensible
elastic
What does it mean for a muscle to be excitable?
It receives signals and responds to stimuli
What are the two typical types of signals that muscles receive?
Neurotransmitters
pH change
What does it mean for a muscle to be contractable?
It can shorten forcible
What does it mean for a muscle to be extensible?
it stretches and/or extends
What does it mean for a muscle to be elastic?
it recoils to resume its original resting length
What are the five main functions of muscle?
JSMPH
Movement posture joint stabilization heat generation Storage/movement of substances
How does muscle create movment
through integated skeletal muscle function
How does muscle provide posture?
the muscles continuously help maintain body positions
How do muscles generate heat?
forced contractions shivers produce heat thermogenesis
How do muscles store/move substances?
Sphincters regulate openings
cardiac muscles move blood
skeletal muscle moves lymph and venous blood
What cells fuse during development to form skeletal muscle fibers?
myoblasts
Why do muscle fibers have hundreds of myofiliments striations
because of the fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibers
When do muscle fibers stop undergoing mitosis?
after the fuse from myoblasts
when you build muscle what makes them bigger?
the enlargement of existing muscle fibers not the addition of them
What are the three layers of connective tissue in muscle? deep to superficial
EPE
Endomysium
perimysium
epimysium/fascia
What is the endomysium?
a fine sheath of CT that surrounds each muscle fiber (sarcomere)
what is the perimysium?
the fibrous CT surrounding groups of muscle fibers called fascicles
what is the epimysium/fascia?
the over coat of dense irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle
What layer of CT in muscle extends to form tendons?
All layers
Where do tendons attach to bone?
periosteum
when muscle attaches to other muscle this is referred to as a _____ attachment?
direct
When CT extends as a broad, flat layer then the tendond is called a _____. this is a ____ attachment
aponurosis
indirect
What direction do muscle fibers run in a fascicle?
what does this arrangement provide?
parallel
power and ROM
Power depends on the _____ area
cross sectional
ROM depends on _____
the length of fibers
Short muscles can be just a forceful as _____
long muscles
What three shapes can fascicles be?
straight, pennate, or orbicular
When skeletal muscle produces movement it is exerting force on ____. these pull bones/structures
tendons
The bone that muscle is attached to that doesn’t move is called the ____
orgin
The action end of a muscle is called the _____
insertion
Most muscles are arranged in _____pairs
antagonistic
is a muscle cell the same as a sarcomere?
no
what are the two intracellular tubules that regulate muscle contraction?
the t-tubules (transverse)
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are t-tubules?
deep indentations on the sarcolemma
What is the function of t-tubules?
the connect nervous impulses to the deepest regions of the cell
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum with interconnecting tubules that surrounds each myofibril
What is the function of the SR
it stores calcium ions when relaxed
What is the myofibril?
the long rods of proteins within the scaroplasm
they contain the mitochondria
What caused the visible striations in muscle fibers?
the myofibril rows
What is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle fiber?
a sarcomere
What are the two repeating protein filaments in a sarcomere?
Myosin
actin
What are the boundaries of the end of a sarcomere called?
the z line/disk
What protein filaments are attached to the z line/disk
actin
what are the three components of actin
the actin itself
tropomyosin
troponin
IN the triations of muscle fibers, the dark bands are ____
myosin
what is the function of tropomyosin?
to cover the binding sites on actin to prevent myosin from binding.
What is the function of troponin?
it is a protein with calcium binding sites that when activated, change the shape of tropomyosin exposing the binding sites and allowing myosin to bind to actin
Where do the calcium ions come from during contraction?
the sarcoplasmic rectitculum
what type of action allows for the full contraction of a sarcomere?
the pulling action of myosin heads on actin
what is required to release myosin from actin?
ATP
neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are called?
somatic motor neurons
what is the neuromuscular junction?
the structural point of contact and the functional site of communication between motor neurons and muscle.
What is the motor unit?
the somatic motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it stimulates (typically 1:150)
The strength of a contraction depends on how many _______ are activated at the same time
motor units
how can the firing of a single motor unit cause a weak contraction of the entire muscle?
because the neuron is woven into the entire muscle and will contract multiple fibers located through out the muscle
what neurotransmitter is released in the synapse of the NMJ
acetylcholine
Ach
explain the depolarization in the synpse
Ach binds to receptors this opens channels
sodium/potassium pump
changes the charge of the inner sarcolemma
this charge spreads
Once the action potential is released in the sarcolemma how does it reach the inner muscles?
via the t-tubeles
What is the exact Calcium ion that binds to troponin
Ca2+
What is the motor unit?
A somatic motor neuron PLUS all of the fibers that it stimulates
What is the neurotransmitter released by the somatic motor neuron?
Acetylcholine
What enzyme prevents Acetylcholine from leaving the synapse?
Acetylcholinestrase
What are the 8 steps of contraction? Neuron to fiber
ADPRSCTM
- Ach is released from motor neuron
- Depolarization occurs if threshold is reached.
- Na+ in K+ out
- Propigation of Action potential travels across scarcolemma and into T-tube
- AP reaches voltage sensor and signals SR
- SR releases Ca2+
- Ca2+ binds to troponin
- Shape of tropomyosin changes and exposes binding sites
- Myosin binds to actin and contracts muscle
At resting action potental, what is the charge inside and outside of the sarcomlemma?
outside is positive
inside is negative
What are the 4 steps in the sequence of depolarization?
- resting potental Na+ outside K+ inside
- Depol. Na+ moves in potassium out and shifts innside charge of scarolemma, the flips the charges inside and out
- Propagation. A ripple of the Na+ flipping only occurs if treshold is met
- repolarization occurs and must occur befor contraction can occur again
What is an isometric contraction?
When the muscle develops tension but does not shorten
posture
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscles shortens and movment occurs
non-weight bearing
(raises arms)
What is a concentric isotonic contraction?
a contraction the occurs when muscles shorten and pull on another structure
(lifting a heavy object)
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction?
lengthing of a muscle during a contraction
(putting down a heavy object
What is a graded muscle response?
Variations in the degree of muscle contraction strength and speed
Strength can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus
strength
Speed of contraction can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus
frequency
What is a twitch in terms of relative tension chart?
a single bump with a single stimuli
What is a wave summation in terms of relative tension chart?
one stimuli causes a bimp and a second soon after causes a bigger bump
What is an unfused (incomplete) tetanus in terms of relative tension chart?
a succession of spaced stimuli that increase in relative tesion
What is a fused tetanus?
rapid stimuli of an artificial means that causes sustaned tension
What is the threshold stimulus?
the first observable muscle contraction
Muscles contract more vigorously as stimulus _____ is increased
strength
What is muscle recruitment?
when more and more motor units are recruited in response to a stimuli
What is muscle tone?
constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles
this keeps muscles firm healthy and ready to respond
How do spinal reflexes account for muscle tone
2 ways
No movement
it staggers motor units
What is creatine phosphate?
it is a quick energy supply that is consumed after free atp in used up
What happens to theexcess ATP created by muscles while they are at rest?
the become creatine Phosphate
How soon after activity is free ATP used up?
about 6 seconds
How soon after activity is ATP created from Creatine Phosphate
10 seconds
What happens after your body uses up its Creatine phosphate stores?
anerobic metabolism
What is muscle fatigue?
the physiological inability for a muscle to contract
When does muscle fatigue occur?
3 main reasons
when ATP production fails
when ATP runs out
When ionic imbalances are present.
(k+ trapped in t tubes)
What is psychological fatigue?
when the pain from lactic acid causes your brain to tell you to stop
What is Oxygen debt?
the extra amoubnt of OXY required for restorative processes after vigorous exercise
What does your body do to lactic acid when it accumulates?
it converts it into pyruvate
via the liver converting it into glucose first
How are muscle fibers categorized?
based on the rate of ATP hydrolysis, methods of ATP production and rate of oxidation
How many types of muscle fibers are there?
2
Can a motor unit contol two seperate types of muscle fibers?
no
Can the ratio of the two types of muscle fiber be changed within the body?
yes, via endurance or strength training
Type one fibers are also called _____ Twitch
slow
What are the properties of slow twitch fibers?
smallest types very resistant to fatigue store tons of ATP high levels of Myoglobin *runner*
What is myoglobin?
similar to hemoglobin, store oxygen in muscles to be used for metabolism
What are the properties of fast twitch fibers?
faster to contract anerobic large fibers strong *body building*
What is delayed onset muscle soreness?
soreness as a result of micro-tears in the muscle fiber not lactic acid
it is an inflammatory reaction that causes swelling thar presses on nerve endings
how long after working our does DOMS occur?
peaks at 48 hours
What are anabolic setroids
suppliments similar to natural androgen that induce muscle growth
what are the side effects of anabolic steroids?
kidney damage, heart damage, agression, masculinazation of women
baldness in men
What are some benifits of aerobic exercise?
increased muscle capilaries
increased mitochondria density
increaded myoglobin
What are some benefits of anerobic exercise?
Muscle fiber hypertrophy
increased myofilaments, connective tissue, and glycogen stores
Does sommth muscle have a scaromere?
no the myofilaments are attached to dense bodies in scarcoplasm
How is smooth muscle contraction regulated?
via hormones and autonomic nervous system
does smooth muscle use sliding filiments?
yes
How do smooth muscles contract?
they twist to contract
How do visceral smooth muscles connect to one another?
tight junctions
what are some ways to keep muscle healthy?
work out posture hydration healthy diet no steroids
what is sarcopenia?
the loss of muscle mass
What are the three basic functions of nervus tissue?
sensory
integration
motor
What is the sensory function of nervous tissue
Detects stimuli and converts them into nervous impulses and sends them to the brain
What is the integration function of nervous tissue
grey matter
collects impulses and integrates them into responses
What is the motor function of nervous tissue?
it generates signals that travel to the brain
Can neurons have more than one function?
no, only one
What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
What are neurons?
the cells responsible for sending and receving impulses
what are neuroglia?
(nerve glue)
they provide structural support, nourishment and protection
What are the three main parts of an electrically excitable neuron?
Dendrites
the cell body
and the axon
axons join the cell body at the _____
axon hillock
What are the two types of post synaptic potential?
EPSP- Excitatory postsynaptic potential
IPSP-Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
What is a Excitatory postsynaptic potential
a graded potential that can initiate an AP in an axon
Green lights
Action potential occurs when the Graded potential reaches the ___
Axon hillock
What is the function of the Inhibitory Post-synaptic potential
It inhibits the action potential
it can induce hyper polarization driving a neuron further from the threshold for AP
Stop light
What is a neural summation?
An order of neural impulses that lead to an AP
What are the two types of Summation?
Temporal and Spatial
What is spatial summation?
when the post synaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time
all the puppies
What is temporal summation?
presynaptic neurons transmit in rapid fire order and produce a AP
How are neural cells classified?
By function and shape
What are the three main neuron types and their functions?
Motor Neurons(efferent)-motor function away from brain Sensory neurons(afferent)-sensory fnction to the brain Inter-neurons(grey-matter) in between motor and sensory, they are the integrating
What is the reflex arc
describe it
the nerve impulse pathway of a reflex
What are the three main neuron shapes and types of neurons that are examples of those shapes.
Multipolar- many dendrites and one axon(neurons in the brain and motor neurons)
Bipolar-one main dendrite and one axon (sensory neurons)
Pseudo-unipolar-axon and dendrite fuse into single process(sensory stretch receptors and internal organs)
What is summation?
The sum of all excitatory post synaptic potentials
What are astrocytes.
The most abundant, versatile, highly branched.
Support cells
Momma bird
Found in the CNA
What are microglia?
Phagocytic cells that monitor neurons
What are Ependymal cells
Squabmaus to columnar cells that line the central cavities of th brain and produce CSF
What are oligodendrocytes
Cells that wrap around CNS fibers and form myelin sheath
What are satellite cells
Support and surround cell bodies in the PNS
What is Myelination?
The coating of myelin sheath that occurs in most mammals
Electrical current in the body comes from the flow of?
ions
Passive ion channels are _____ open
always
What are the two types of potential signals that occur in neurons?
Graded potential
action potential
What are the events that cause an action potential?
Depolorization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
What is depolarization?
When Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell
What is re-polarization?
When K+ channels open via electro gated channels and allow K+ to flow out of the cell.
What is hyperpolarization?
When the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting potential because the K+ channels are slow to close
How does the resting potential return to equilibrium?
via sodium potassium pumps working to return the charges back to normal
What is the average charge of resting membrane potential
-40 to -90 mv
What is the average charge of the threshold level of depolarization?
-55 to 50mV
What occurs during depolarization?
Na+ permeability increases Na+ enters cell membrane potential reverses Na+ gates open K+ gates are closed Threshold is reached
What occurs during repolarization?
Na+ gates close
Voltage sensitive K+ gates open
K+ exits the cell and negative charge in cell is returned
What occurs during hyperpolarization?
K+ gates remain open causing an excess of K+ leaving the cell
Causes the neuron to become insensitive for a period
Na+ channels reset
Na+, K+ pump resets the system
What are the two refractory periods?
Absolute and Relative
During which refractory period can the membrane depolarize?
Relative
When does the Absolute refractory period occur/end?
While AP is being generated and during depolarization
ends during mid-repolarization
What is saltatory conduction?
When AP jumps from node to node in a myelinated axon
What types of neurons use saltatory conduction?
PNS
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
White matter consists of myelinated neurons
