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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are joints classified?

A

by structure and function

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2
Q

Functional classification of joints are defined as?

A

the degree of movement allowed

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3
Q

Structure of joints are defined as ?

2 parts

A

Presence/absences of a synovial cavity

the type of CT binding bones together

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4
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

SAD

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a synarthrosis?

A

They are immovable

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Amphiarthrosis? ec- What hormone causes them to become more movable in pregnant woman in late pregnancy?

A

They are slightly movable

relaxin

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Diarthrosis?

A

They are freely movable

Differ in size and shape to permit different movement types

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8
Q

Classify the the function joint type based off of stability vs ROM

A

Syn- no ROM very stable
Amphi- Lass stable very little ROM
Di- Not very stable more ROM

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9
Q

What are the three types of structural classifications of joints?
Fat Cats Sing

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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10
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

SSG

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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11
Q

Where can suture joints be found?

A

On the skull

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12
Q

What fibers fill suture joints?

A

Collagen

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13
Q

Describe the bones in suture joints?

A

Bones are bound tightly together but they still allow for growth

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14
Q

What is the functional classification of a suture joint?

A

Synarthrosis

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15
Q

What is synostoses?

A

When the suture joints calcify completely and become bone.

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16
Q

What is a syndesmoses joint?

A

They are types of ligaments that connect bones together for stability. found as a bundle or sheet covering articulating bones

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17
Q

What is the function class. of syndesmoses joints?

A

amphiarthritic

they allow some movment

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18
Q

Gomphoses joints are also called?

A

peg in socket jounts

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19
Q

What is the only example of Gomphoses?

A

the periodontal ligament

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20
Q

What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphysis

Synchrondroses

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21
Q

What is a Symphysis joint?

A

A cartilaginous joint where the ends of articulating bones are covered in hayline cart. but a broad dist of fibro cart connects the bones

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22
Q

Where do all symphysis occur?

A

at the midline

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23
Q

What is the functional classification of a synchondrosis ?

A

synarthritic

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24
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

a cart. joint where hyaline cart is the CT

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25
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Freely moving diarthroses with synovial cavity that are connected by the CT of a articular capsule and ligaments

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26
Q

Give and example of a suture joint

A

The sutures of the skull

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27
Q

Give an example of a synarthritic joint

A

Suture joints

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28
Q

give an example of an ampiarthrosis

A

a syndesmoses

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29
Q

What type of joints are diarthroses?

A

synovial joints

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30
Q

Give an example of a syndesmoses?

A

radioulnar syndesmosis

holds the radius and ulna together but allows for twisting

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31
Q

Give an example of a gomphoses?

A

periodontal ligaments

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32
Q

give an example of a symphysis?

A

pubis symphysis and vertebral disks

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33
Q

give an example of a synchondroses

A

costal cartilage and epiphyseal plates

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34
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint

A

Any movable joint
Shoulder
Ball and socket of the hip
etc

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35
Q

What is the Articular capsule?

A

A fibrous capsule surrounding synovial joints and synovial cavity.

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36
Q

What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

A

The outer fibrous capsule

the inner synovial membrane

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37
Q

The outer fibrous cap is an extension of the bones_____

A

Periosteum

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38
Q

What does the inner synovial membrane produce?

A

synovial fluid

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39
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A very slick film produced by the synovial membrane comprised of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid

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40
Q

What component of synovial fluid acts as a barrier from infection?

A

the hyaluronic acid

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41
Q

What happens to synovial fluid after prolonged use?

A

it becomes less viscous

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42
Q

Synovial fluid moves in and out of articular cartilage in a way similar to a ______?
explain

A

sponge.
Pressure caused the fluid to rush out of the art. cart. and when the pressure is removed the fluid then flows back into the cart.

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43
Q

What other types of cartilage are found in joints? what form do they take?

A

Articular disks

the form from fibrocartilage

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44
Q

Articulating disks are also called?

A

menisci

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45
Q

What is the function(s) of menisci?

A

Improving the fit of two articulating bones with diff shapes,
allow different movements at different portions of joints

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46
Q

Are bursa and tendon sheaths types of synovial joints?

A

no but they contain synovial fluid

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47
Q

Other than lubrication, what are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

the transport and removal of waste and nutrients to the articular cartilage and menisci.

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48
Q

What is a bursa

A

A flattened fibrous bag lined by a synovial membrane

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49
Q

Where do bursa occur?

A

where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub

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50
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction crowded tendons

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51
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative joint disease
due to “wear and tear”
Deterioration of articular cartilage
often affects weight bearing joints

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52
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joints

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53
Q

What is Gouty Arthritis?

A

the build up of uric acid crystals in joints

can cause joints to fuse

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54
Q

Planar joints articulate on ___planes?

A

flat

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55
Q

Condyloid joints allow movent ____ to ___ and _____ to ____ but do not rotate

A

back and forth side to side

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56
Q

The joint between C1 and C2 is a _____ joint

A

Pivot

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57
Q

What is a sprain?

A

When ligaments are torn or stretched

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58
Q

How do sprains heal?

A

If it is a tear than slowly over time

if completely torn, they require surgical repair

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59
Q

A subluxation is a _____

A

a partial dislocation

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60
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa

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61
Q

What happens to Ligaments and tendons over time?

A

the shorten and get weak

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62
Q

What two types of muscle cells are elongated?

A

Smooth and skeletal

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63
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

another word for muscle cells

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64
Q

What are the two myofilaments found in muscle fibers?

A

Actin

myosin

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65
Q

The prefixes myo, mys, sacro refer to?

A

muscle

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66
Q

What is the scarcolemma?

A

the muscle plasma membrane

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67
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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68
Q

Where does skeletal muscle attach?

A

to the bones of the skeleton

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69
Q

IS skeletal muscle voluntary or non-voluntary?

A

voluntary

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70
Q

Skel. muscle contracts easily and it also _____ easily as well?

A

tires

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71
Q

What two aspacts of skel muscle make it adaptable?

A

it can vary forces

and increase or decrease as needed

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72
Q

skeletal muscle makes up what % of body weight generally

A

80%

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73
Q

The wave like contractions of muscle that move things along is called?

A

peristalsis

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74
Q

What are the four functions characteristics of muscle?

ECEE

A

Excitable
contractable
extensible
elastic

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75
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to be excitable?

A

It receives signals and responds to stimuli

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76
Q

What are the two typical types of signals that muscles receive?

A

Neurotransmitters

pH change

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77
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to be contractable?

A

It can shorten forcible

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78
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to be extensible?

A

it stretches and/or extends

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79
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to be elastic?

A

it recoils to resume its original resting length

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80
Q

What are the five main functions of muscle?

JSMPH

A 
Movement
posture
joint stabilization
heat generation
Storage/movement of substances
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81
Q

How does muscle create movment

A

through integated skeletal muscle function

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82
Q

How does muscle provide posture?

A

the muscles continuously help maintain body positions

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83
Q

How do muscles generate heat?

A

forced contractions shivers produce heat thermogenesis

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84
Q

How do muscles store/move substances?

A

Sphincters regulate openings
cardiac muscles move blood
skeletal muscle moves lymph and venous blood

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85
Q

What cells fuse during development to form skeletal muscle fibers?

A

myoblasts

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86
Q

Why do muscle fibers have hundreds of myofiliments striations

A

because of the fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibers

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87
Q

When do muscle fibers stop undergoing mitosis?

A

after the fuse from myoblasts

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88
Q

when you build muscle what makes them bigger?

A

the enlargement of existing muscle fibers not the addition of them

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89
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue in muscle? deep to superficial
EPE

A

Endomysium
perimysium
epimysium/fascia

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90
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

a fine sheath of CT that surrounds each muscle fiber (sarcomere)

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91
Q

what is the perimysium?

A

the fibrous CT surrounding groups of muscle fibers called fascicles

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92
Q

what is the epimysium/fascia?

A

the over coat of dense irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle

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93
Q

What layer of CT in muscle extends to form tendons?

A

All layers

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94
Q

Where do tendons attach to bone?

A

periosteum

95
Q

when muscle attaches to other muscle this is referred to as a _____ attachment?

A

direct

96
Q

When CT extends as a broad, flat layer then the tendond is called a _____. this is a ____ attachment

A

aponurosis

indirect

97
Q

What direction do muscle fibers run in a fascicle?

what does this arrangement provide?

A

parallel

power and ROM

98
Q

Power depends on the _____ area

A

cross sectional

99
Q

ROM depends on _____

A

the length of fibers

100
Q

Short muscles can be just a forceful as _____

A

long muscles

101
Q

What three shapes can fascicles be?

A

straight, pennate, or orbicular

102
Q

When skeletal muscle produces movement it is exerting force on ____. these pull bones/structures

A

tendons

103
Q

The bone that muscle is attached to that doesn’t move is called the ____

A

orgin

104
Q

The action end of a muscle is called the _____

A

insertion

105
Q

Most muscles are arranged in _____pairs

A

antagonistic

106
Q

is a muscle cell the same as a sarcomere?

A

no

107
Q

what are the two intracellular tubules that regulate muscle contraction?

A

the t-tubules (transverse)

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

108
Q

What are t-tubules?

A

deep indentations on the sarcolemma

109
Q

What is the function of t-tubules?

A

the connect nervous impulses to the deepest regions of the cell

110
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

A modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum with interconnecting tubules that surrounds each myofibril

111
Q

What is the function of the SR

A

it stores calcium ions when relaxed

112
Q

What is the myofibril?

A

the long rods of proteins within the scaroplasm

they contain the mitochondria

113
Q

What caused the visible striations in muscle fibers?

A

the myofibril rows

114
Q

What is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle fiber?

A

a sarcomere

115
Q

What are the two repeating protein filaments in a sarcomere?

A

Myosin

actin

116
Q

What are the boundaries of the end of a sarcomere called?

A

the z line/disk

117
Q

What protein filaments are attached to the z line/disk

A

actin

118
Q

what are the three components of actin

A

the actin itself
tropomyosin
troponin

119
Q

IN the triations of muscle fibers, the dark bands are ____

A

myosin

120
Q

what is the function of tropomyosin?

A

to cover the binding sites on actin to prevent myosin from binding.

121
Q

What is the function of troponin?

A

it is a protein with calcium binding sites that when activated, change the shape of tropomyosin exposing the binding sites and allowing myosin to bind to actin

122
Q

Where do the calcium ions come from during contraction?

A

the sarcoplasmic rectitculum

123
Q

what type of action allows for the full contraction of a sarcomere?

A

the pulling action of myosin heads on actin

124
Q

what is required to release myosin from actin?

A

ATP

125
Q

neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are called?

A

somatic motor neurons

126
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the structural point of contact and the functional site of communication between motor neurons and muscle.

127
Q

What is the motor unit?

A

the somatic motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it stimulates (typically 1:150)

128
Q

The strength of a contraction depends on how many _______ are activated at the same time

A

motor units

129
Q

how can the firing of a single motor unit cause a weak contraction of the entire muscle?

A

because the neuron is woven into the entire muscle and will contract multiple fibers located through out the muscle

130
Q

what neurotransmitter is released in the synapse of the NMJ

A

acetylcholine

Ach

131
Q

explain the depolarization in the synpse

A

Ach binds to receptors this opens channels
sodium/potassium pump
changes the charge of the inner sarcolemma
this charge spreads

132
Q

Once the action potential is released in the sarcolemma how does it reach the inner muscles?

A

via the t-tubeles

133
Q

What is the exact Calcium ion that binds to troponin

A

Ca2+

134
Q

What is the motor unit?

A

A somatic motor neuron PLUS all of the fibers that it stimulates

135
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by the somatic motor neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

136
Q

What enzyme prevents Acetylcholine from leaving the synapse?

A

Acetylcholinestrase

137
Q

What are the 8 steps of contraction? Neuron to fiber

ADPRSCTM

A
  1. Ach is released from motor neuron
  2. Depolarization occurs if threshold is reached.
    • Na+ in K+ out
  3. Propigation of Action potential travels across scarcolemma and into T-tube
  4. AP reaches voltage sensor and signals SR
  5. SR releases Ca2+
  6. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  7. Shape of tropomyosin changes and exposes binding sites
  8. Myosin binds to actin and contracts muscle
138
Q

At resting action potental, what is the charge inside and outside of the sarcomlemma?

A

outside is positive

inside is negative

139
Q

What are the 4 steps in the sequence of depolarization?

A
  1. resting potental Na+ outside K+ inside
  2. Depol. Na+ moves in potassium out and shifts innside charge of scarolemma, the flips the charges inside and out
  3. Propagation. A ripple of the Na+ flipping only occurs if treshold is met
  4. repolarization occurs and must occur befor contraction can occur again
140
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When the muscle develops tension but does not shorten

posture

141
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

Muscles shortens and movment occurs
non-weight bearing
(raises arms)

142
Q

What is a concentric isotonic contraction?

A

a contraction the occurs when muscles shorten and pull on another structure
(lifting a heavy object)

143
Q

What is an eccentric isotonic contraction?

A

lengthing of a muscle during a contraction

(putting down a heavy object

144
Q

What is a graded muscle response?

A

Variations in the degree of muscle contraction strength and speed

145
Q

Strength can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus

A

strength

146
Q

Speed of contraction can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus

A

frequency

147
Q

What is a twitch in terms of relative tension chart?

A

a single bump with a single stimuli

148
Q

What is a wave summation in terms of relative tension chart?

A

one stimuli causes a bimp and a second soon after causes a bigger bump

149
Q

What is an unfused (incomplete) tetanus in terms of relative tension chart?

A

a succession of spaced stimuli that increase in relative tesion

150
Q

What is a fused tetanus?

A

rapid stimuli of an artificial means that causes sustaned tension

151
Q

What is the threshold stimulus?

A

the first observable muscle contraction

152
Q

Muscles contract more vigorously as stimulus _____ is increased

A

strength

153
Q

What is muscle recruitment?

A

when more and more motor units are recruited in response to a stimuli

154
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles

this keeps muscles firm healthy and ready to respond

155
Q

How do spinal reflexes account for muscle tone

2 ways

A

No movement

it staggers motor units

156
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

it is a quick energy supply that is consumed after free atp in used up

157
Q

What happens to theexcess ATP created by muscles while they are at rest?

A

the become creatine Phosphate

158
Q

How soon after activity is free ATP used up?

A

about 6 seconds

159
Q

How soon after activity is ATP created from Creatine Phosphate

A

10 seconds

160
Q

What happens after your body uses up its Creatine phosphate stores?

A

anerobic metabolism

161
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

the physiological inability for a muscle to contract

162
Q

When does muscle fatigue occur?

3 main reasons

A

when ATP production fails
when ATP runs out
When ionic imbalances are present.
(k+ trapped in t tubes)

163
Q

What is psychological fatigue?

A

when the pain from lactic acid causes your brain to tell you to stop

164
Q

What is Oxygen debt?

A

the extra amoubnt of OXY required for restorative processes after vigorous exercise

165
Q

What does your body do to lactic acid when it accumulates?

A

it converts it into pyruvate

via the liver converting it into glucose first

166
Q

How are muscle fibers categorized?

A

based on the rate of ATP hydrolysis, methods of ATP production and rate of oxidation

167
Q

How many types of muscle fibers are there?

A

2

168
Q

Can a motor unit contol two seperate types of muscle fibers?

A

no

169
Q

Can the ratio of the two types of muscle fiber be changed within the body?

A

yes, via endurance or strength training

170
Q

Type one fibers are also called _____ Twitch

A

slow

171
Q

What are the properties of slow twitch fibers?

A 
smallest types
very resistant to fatigue
store tons of ATP
high levels of Myoglobin
*runner*
172
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

similar to hemoglobin, store oxygen in muscles to be used for metabolism

173
Q

What are the properties of fast twitch fibers?

A 
faster to contract
anerobic 
large fibers
strong
*body building*
174
Q

What is delayed onset muscle soreness?

A

soreness as a result of micro-tears in the muscle fiber not lactic acid

it is an inflammatory reaction that causes swelling thar presses on nerve endings

175
Q

how long after working our does DOMS occur?

A

peaks at 48 hours

176
Q

What are anabolic setroids

A

suppliments similar to natural androgen that induce muscle growth

177
Q

what are the side effects of anabolic steroids?

A

kidney damage, heart damage, agression, masculinazation of women
baldness in men

178
Q

What are some benifits of aerobic exercise?

A

increased muscle capilaries
increased mitochondria density
increaded myoglobin

179
Q

What are some benefits of anerobic exercise?

A

Muscle fiber hypertrophy

increased myofilaments, connective tissue, and glycogen stores

180
Q

Does sommth muscle have a scaromere?

A

no the myofilaments are attached to dense bodies in scarcoplasm

181
Q

How is smooth muscle contraction regulated?

A

via hormones and autonomic nervous system

182
Q

does smooth muscle use sliding filiments?

A

yes

183
Q

How do smooth muscles contract?

A

they twist to contract

184
Q

How do visceral smooth muscles connect to one another?

A

tight junctions

185
Q

what are some ways to keep muscle healthy?

A 
work out
posture
hydration
healthy diet
no steroids
186
Q

what is sarcopenia?

A

the loss of muscle mass

187
Q

What are the three basic functions of nervus tissue?

A

sensory
integration
motor

188
Q

What is the sensory function of nervous tissue

A

Detects stimuli and converts them into nervous impulses and sends them to the brain

189
Q

What is the integration function of nervous tissue

A

grey matter

collects impulses and integrates them into responses

190
Q

What is the motor function of nervous tissue?

A

it generates signals that travel to the brain

191
Q

Can neurons have more than one function?

A

no, only one

192
Q

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

193
Q

What are neurons?

A

the cells responsible for sending and receving impulses

194
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

(nerve glue)

they provide structural support, nourishment and protection

195
Q

What are the three main parts of an electrically excitable neuron?

A

Dendrites
the cell body
and the axon

196
Q

axons join the cell body at the _____

A

axon hillock

197
Q

What are the two types of post synaptic potential?

A

EPSP- Excitatory postsynaptic potential

IPSP-Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

198
Q

What is a Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

a graded potential that can initiate an AP in an axon

Green lights

199
Q

Action potential occurs when the Graded potential reaches the ___

A

Axon hillock

200
Q

What is the function of the Inhibitory Post-synaptic potential

A

It inhibits the action potential
it can induce hyper polarization driving a neuron further from the threshold for AP
Stop light

201
Q

What is a neural summation?

A

An order of neural impulses that lead to an AP

202
Q

What are the two types of Summation?

A

Temporal and Spatial

203
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

when the post synaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time
all the puppies

204
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

presynaptic neurons transmit in rapid fire order and produce a AP

205
Q

How are neural cells classified?

A

By function and shape

206
Q

What are the three main neuron types and their functions?

A 
Motor Neurons(efferent)-motor function away from brain
Sensory neurons(afferent)-sensory fnction to the brain
Inter-neurons(grey-matter) in between motor and sensory, they are the integrating
207
Q

What is the reflex arc

describe it

A

the nerve impulse pathway of a reflex

208
Q

What are the three main neuron shapes and types of neurons that are examples of those shapes.

A

Multipolar- many dendrites and one axon(neurons in the brain and motor neurons)
Bipolar-one main dendrite and one axon (sensory neurons)
Pseudo-unipolar-axon and dendrite fuse into single process(sensory stretch receptors and internal organs)

209
Q

What is summation?

A

The sum of all excitatory post synaptic potentials

210
Q

What are astrocytes.

A

The most abundant, versatile, highly branched.
Support cells
Momma bird
Found in the CNA

211
Q

What are microglia?

A

Phagocytic cells that monitor neurons

212
Q

What are Ependymal cells

A

Squabmaus to columnar cells that line the central cavities of th brain and produce CSF

213
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

Cells that wrap around CNS fibers and form myelin sheath

214
Q

What are satellite cells

A

Support and surround cell bodies in the PNS

215
Q

What is Myelination?

A

The coating of myelin sheath that occurs in most mammals

216
Q

Electrical current in the body comes from the flow of?

A

ions

217
Q

Passive ion channels are _____ open

A

always

218
Q

What are the two types of potential signals that occur in neurons?

A

Graded potential

action potential

219
Q

What are the events that cause an action potential?

A

Depolorization
repolarization
hyperpolarization

220
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell

221
Q

What is re-polarization?

A

When K+ channels open via electro gated channels and allow K+ to flow out of the cell.

222
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

When the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting potential because the K+ channels are slow to close

223
Q

How does the resting potential return to equilibrium?

A

via sodium potassium pumps working to return the charges back to normal

224
Q

What is the average charge of resting membrane potential

A

-40 to -90 mv

225
Q

What is the average charge of the threshold level of depolarization?

A

-55 to 50mV

226
Q

What occurs during depolarization?

A 
Na+ permeability increases
Na+ enters cell
membrane potential reverses
Na+ gates open K+ gates are closed
Threshold is reached
227
Q

What occurs during repolarization?

A

Na+ gates close
Voltage sensitive K+ gates open
K+ exits the cell and negative charge in cell is returned

228
Q

What occurs during hyperpolarization?

A

K+ gates remain open causing an excess of K+ leaving the cell
Causes the neuron to become insensitive for a period
Na+ channels reset
Na+, K+ pump resets the system

229
Q

What are the two refractory periods?

A

Absolute and Relative

230
Q

During which refractory period can the membrane depolarize?

A

Relative

231
Q

When does the Absolute refractory period occur/end?

A

While AP is being generated and during depolarization

ends during mid-repolarization

232
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When AP jumps from node to node in a myelinated axon

233
Q

What types of neurons use saltatory conduction?

A

PNS

234
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

White matter consists of myelinated neurons

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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