Ch.1 /Atlas A Gen. Orientation to Human Anatomy Flashcards
Ventral
toward the front
Dorsal
toward the back
Toward the front
Ventral
Toward the back
Dorsal
Toward the ventral side
Anterior
Anterior
Toward the ventral side
Toward the dorsal side
Posterior
Posterior
Toward the dorsal side
Cephalic
Toward the Head or superior end
Toward the Head or superior end
Cehalic
Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
Toward the forehead or nose
Rostral
Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
Toward the tail or inferior end
Caudal
Superior
Above
Above
Superior
Inferior
Below
Below
Inferior
Medial
Toward the median plane
Toward the median plane
Medial
Lateral
Away from the median plane
Away from the median plane
Lateral
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin
Closer to the point of origin
Proximal
Distal
Further from the point of origin
Further from the point of origin
Distal
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
On the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Closer to the surface
Superficial
Deep
Further away from the surface
Further away from the surface
Deep
1
Right Upper Quadrant
2
Left Upper Quadrant
3
Right Lower Quadrant
4
Left Lower Quadrant
1
Hypochondriac Region
2
Epigastric Region
3
Hypochondriac Region
4
Lumbar Region
5
Umbilical Region
6
Lumbar Region
7
Inguinal Region
8
Hypogastric Region
9
Inguinal Region
Right Upper Quadrant
1
Left Upper Quadrant
2
Right Lower Quadrant
3
Left Lower Quadrant
4
Hypochondriac Region
1
Epigastric Region
2
Hypochondriac Region
3
Lumbar Region
4
Umbilical Region
5
Lumbar Region
6
Inguinal Region
7
Hypogastric Region
8
Inguinal Region
9
1
Frontal Plane
2
Sagittal Plane
3
Transverse Plane
Frontal Plane
1
Sagittal Plane
2
Transverse Plane
3
Discribe The Anatomical Position
Forward facing
Feet Parallel
Palms Forward
Superopr and Inferior only apply to what part of the body?
The trunk
What is the difference between the midsagittal plane and the parasagittal plane?
The midsagittal plane is the only plane that equallly seperates the body. All other sagittal seperations are unequal and therefore are parasagittal
Retro means?
Behind
What plane seperates right to left?
Sagittal
What plane seperaters into Anterior and Posterior portions?
Frontal Plane
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
The transverse plane
Anatomy- the study of ___
Form
Physiology- The study of ____
Function
What is comparative physiology?
The study of how different soecies have solved problems of life.
e.g. water balance, resperation, reproduction
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
how do these two sciences compliment eachother
Anatomy is the structures of the body and psysiology is the function of said structures. Together they comeplete a whole picture of the body.
What are the eight levels of organization within the human body?
Smallest to largest
atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
Define organism
a single complete individual
Define organ system
A group of organs with a unique collective function
Define organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.
Define tissue
a mass of similar calls and call products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific finction
What are the four primary classes of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
histology is the study of ___
Tissues
What are cells?
The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
Define organelles
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual finctions
Define molecule
a particle composed of two or more atoms
What is a macromolecule
the largest molecules such as protein, fats, and DNA
What is the concept of reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
What is the complimentary theory to reductionism and what is its statement?
Holism-The theory that there are “emerfent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its seperate parts
Why is it important to consider anatomical variation
Because although anatomy books are a great reference, only 70% of people match. Anatomy can vary from slight differences to major varience and this is create health problems
Having a normal arrangment of organs is called ?
Situs solitus
The abnrmality that causes reversed organ placment is called?
situs inversus
What is dextrocardia?
when the heart has inverse placement
What is situs perversus?
when a single organ occupies an abnormal position
What are the biological characteristics of life?
8
OCMRHDRE
Organization
cellular composition
Metabolism
responsiveness/movement
homeostasis
development
reporduction
evolution
Explain why organization is a characteristic of life.
Living thing exhibit a large level or organization that requires energy to upkeep
Explain why cellular composition is a characteristic of life.
All living matter is composed of one or more cells
Explain why metabolism is a characteristic of life.
Metabolism is the chemical process that takes molecules from the environment and changes them to from energy, provide structure and control their physiology
Define excertion
The seperation and elimination of waste from the cells and body
Explain why responsiveness and movement are characteristics of life.
Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense and react to stimuli. All living cells exhibit this characteristic
Explain why homeostasis is a characteristic of life.
Living organisms maintain internal stability even when external conditions change
Explain why development is a characteristc of life.
Most living organisms change form or function in some way via two major processes differentation and growth
Define differentiation
The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.
Define growth.
An increase in size
Explain why reproduction is a characteristic of life
All living organisms can create copies of themselves and pass on genes
Explain why evolution is a characteristic of life
All living species exhibit genetic changes generation to generation
Define homeostasis
the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relativly stable internal conditions
The internal state of the body is best described as a _____
A dynamic equalibrium
What is a set point in the human body.
an average value for a given variable that conditions fluctuate around
e.g. 37 degrees C for body temp
What is the fundemental mechinism that keeps a variable close to its set point?
A negative feedback loop
What is a negative feedback loop?
a process in chic the body senses change and activates mechanisms thay negate or reverse it
Define vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels
define vasoconstriction
the narrowinf of the blood vessels
What are the three common components of a feedback loop?
The receptor, inregrating (control) center, and the effector
What is the role of the receptor in a feedback loop?
it is a structure that senses a change in the body
What is the integrating(control) center in a feedback loop?
a mechanism that processess information from the receptor and relates it to other information then makes a decision on the action it will take based on the information.
What is the effector in a feedback loop?
the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
What is a positive feedback loop?
a self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
matter and energy ten to flow down _____
gradients
What is a physiological gradient?
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, tempuature or other variable between one point and another
if enery or matter flow from the point where the varieable is higher to the point where it is lower we say it flows___
down the gradient
What does it mean to flow up the gradient?
when energy or matter moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
What is the clinical criteria to declair someone as clinically dead
The show no brainwaves, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat for 24 hours
Chemicals flow down____gradients
concentration
Charged particles flow down ___ gradients
electrical
ions flow down ____ gradients
electrochemical
Heat flows down ____ Gradients
thermal
How can a person be clinically dead but biologically alive?
Clinical death is when the body is unable to stay alive independent from life support. although the patient’s tissues are still aive and functioning.
Why is positive feedback more likely to disrupt homeostais than negative feedback
Because positive feedback loops amplify themselves and can get out of control
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called?
Gross anatomy
The word prefix homeo means
same
The simplest structures considered to be alive are called?
Cells
an informed incertain but testable conjecture is a?
hypothesis
A self-amplifying chain of psysiological events is called ?
positive feedback
_____means studying human anatomy by touch
palpation
the prefix hetero- means?
different
Cutting and separating tissues to reveal structural relationships is called?
disecction
Physiological effects of a persons mental state are called_____
psycosomatic
What is the included in the axial region of the body
Head, Neck(cervical region) and trunk
How is the trunk of the body divided?
The trunk is divided into the thoracic and abdominal regions
What is included in the appendicular region of the body
The upper and lower limbs also called appendages or extremities
the arm is the ___region
brachial
the forearm is the ____region?
antebrachial
What are the digits?
Fingers and toes
The thigh is the ____region
femoral region
the hands are the ____region
manual
The leg is the ___region
crual (COO-rul)
the ankle is the ___region
tarsal
The wrist is the ___region
carpal
the foot is the ___region
Pedal
what is a segment of a limb
the region between on joint and the next
internal organs are also called __
Viscera
The layer of membrane that covers the surface of an organ is called the___?
Visceral layer
The outer layer of a membrane covering an organ is called the
parietal layer
what is the space that forms the trunk during embryonic development?
coelom
What is the muscular sheet that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity
Diaphragm
What is a serous membrane?
membranes that line body cavities and organs.
They secrete a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum
The region between the lungs extending from the base of the neck to the diaphram is called the ____
mediastinum
What occupies the mediastinum?
the heart and its connecting major blood vessels, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchi, and the thymus
What is the two-layered membrane that covers the heart?
the pericardium
What is the associated viscera of the cranial cavity?
The brain
What is the associated viscera of the vertebral cavity?
spinal cord
What is the associated viscera of the pleural cavities?
the lungs
What is the associated viscera of the pericardial cavity?
the heart
What is the associated viscera of the abdominal cavity?
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
What is the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity?
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
What is the membranous lining of the cranial cavity?
meninges
What is the membranous lining of the vertebral canal?
meninges
What is the membranous lining of the pleural cavities?
pleurae
What is the membranous lining of the pericardial cavity
pericardium
What is the membranous lining of the abdominal cavity?
peritoneum
What is the membranous lining of the pelvic cavity?
peritoneum
The inner layer of the pericardium that forms the surface of the heart itself is called the?
visceral pericardium
the outter layer of the pericardium is called?
the parietal pericardium
(pericardial sac)
What is that space the seperates the visceral and the parietal layers of the pericardium?
the pericardial cavity
What is the fluid that lubricates the pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
The outter surface of the lung is called the ___?
Visceral pleura
What membraine covers the inside of the ribcage
parietal pleura
What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
What lubricates
pleura cavity
pleurals fluds
What are the three systems that support, protect and enable movement?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
What are the two body systems of communication and control?
nervous system and endocrine
What are the two body systems of fluid transport
Circulatory and lymphatic
What are the three body systems of intake and output?
respiratory
urinary
digestive
What are the two systems of reproduction?
Male and female reproduction systems
What is the Acromial region?
The Shoulder
What is the Axillary region?
the armpit
What is the brachial region?
the arm
What is the cubital region?
the elbow
What is th antebrachial region?
the forearm
What is the carpal region?
the wrist
What is the palmer region?
the palm
What is the cephalic region?
the head
What is the facial region?
the face
What is the cervical region?
the neck
What is the thoracic region?
the chest
What is the sternal region?
the sternum
*middle of the chest*
What is the umbilical region?
the belly button
What is the inguinal region?
the groin
what is the femoral region?
the thigh
what is the crual region?
the leg
What is the tarsal region
the ankle
what is the pedal region?
the foot
What is the dorsum?
the superior surface of the foot
What is the plantar surface?
the sole of the foot
what is the cranial region?
the back of the head
what is the nuchal region?
back of neck
What is the interscapular region?
middle of upper back
what is the scapular region?
the shoulder blade
what is the vertebral region?
middle of center of back
what is the lumbar region?
love handle
What is the sacral region?
middle of lower back above buttcrack
What is the gluteal region?
the buttock
What is popliteal region?
back of the knee
What is the calcaneal region?
the heel
