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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Ch.1 /Atlas A Gen. Orientation to Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch.1 /Atlas A Gen. Orientation to Human Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral

A

toward the front

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2
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back

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3
Q

Toward the front

A

Ventral

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4
Q

Toward the back

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

Toward the ventral side

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the ventral side

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7
Q

Toward the dorsal side

A

Posterior

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the dorsal side

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9
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the Head or superior end

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10
Q

Toward the Head or superior end

A

Cehalic

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11
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the forehead or nose

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12
Q

Toward the forehead or nose

A

Rostral

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

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14
Q

Toward the tail or inferior end

A

Caudal

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15
Q

Superior

A

Above

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16
Q

Above

A

Superior

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17
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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18
Q

Below

A

Inferior

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19
Q

Medial

A

Toward the median plane

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20
Q

Toward the median plane

A

Medial

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21
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane

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22
Q

Away from the median plane

A

Lateral

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23
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin

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24
Q

Closer to the point of origin

A

Proximal

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25
Q

Distal

A

Further from the point of origin

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26
Q

Further from the point of origin

A

Distal

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27
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

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28
Q

On the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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29
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

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30
Q

On the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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31
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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32
Q

Closer to the surface

A

Superficial

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33
Q

Deep

A

Further away from the surface

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34
Q

Further away from the surface

A

Deep

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35
Q

1

A

Right Upper Quadrant

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36
Q

2

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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37
Q

3

A

Right Lower Quadrant

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38
Q

4

A

Left Lower Quadrant

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39
Q

1

A

Hypochondriac Region

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40
Q

2

A

Epigastric Region

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41
Q

3

A

Hypochondriac Region

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42
Q

4

A

Lumbar Region

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43
Q

5

A

Umbilical Region

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44
Q

6

A

Lumbar Region

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45
Q

7

A

Inguinal Region

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46
Q

8

A

Hypogastric Region

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47
Q

9

A

Inguinal Region

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48
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

1

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49
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

2

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50
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

3

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51
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

4

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52
Q

Hypochondriac Region

A

1

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53
Q

Epigastric Region

A

2

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54
Q

Hypochondriac Region

A

3

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55
Q

Lumbar Region

A

4

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56
Q

Umbilical Region

A

5

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57
Q

Lumbar Region

A

6

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58
Q

Inguinal Region

A

7

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59
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

8

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60
Q

Inguinal Region

A

9

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61
Q

1

A

Frontal Plane

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62
Q

2

A

Sagittal Plane

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63
Q

3

A

Transverse Plane

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64
Q

Frontal Plane

A

1

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65
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

2

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66
Q

Transverse Plane

A

3

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67
Q

Discribe The Anatomical Position

A

Forward facing

Feet Parallel

Palms Forward

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68
Q

Superopr and Inferior only apply to what part of the body?

A

The trunk

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69
Q

What is the difference between the midsagittal plane and the parasagittal plane?

A

The midsagittal plane is the only plane that equallly seperates the body. All other sagittal seperations are unequal and therefore are parasagittal

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70
Q

Retro means?

A

Behind

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71
Q

What plane seperates right to left?

A

Sagittal

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72
Q

What plane seperaters into Anterior and Posterior portions?

A

Frontal Plane

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73
Q

What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

A

The transverse plane

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74
Q

Anatomy- the study of ___

A

Form

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75
Q

Physiology- The study of ____

A

Function

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76
Q

What is comparative physiology?

A

The study of how different soecies have solved problems of life.

e.g. water balance, resperation, reproduction

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77
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

how do these two sciences compliment eachother

A

Anatomy is the structures of the body and psysiology is the function of said structures. Together they comeplete a whole picture of the body.

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78
Q

What are the eight levels of organization within the human body?

Smallest to largest

A

atom

molecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

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79
Q

Define organism

A

a single complete individual

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80
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs with a unique collective function

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81
Q

Define organ

A

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.

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82
Q

Define tissue

A

a mass of similar calls and call products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific finction

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83
Q

What are the four primary classes of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

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84
Q

histology is the study of ___

A

Tissues

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85
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life

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86
Q

Define organelles

A

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual finctions

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87
Q

Define molecule

A

a particle composed of two or more atoms

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88
Q

What is a macromolecule

A

the largest molecules such as protein, fats, and DNA

89
Q

What is the concept of reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

90
Q

What is the complimentary theory to reductionism and what is its statement?

A

Holism-The theory that there are “emerfent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its seperate parts

91
Q
A
92
Q

Why is it important to consider anatomical variation

A

Because although anatomy books are a great reference, only 70% of people match. Anatomy can vary from slight differences to major varience and this is create health problems

93
Q

Having a normal arrangment of organs is called ?

A

Situs solitus

94
Q

The abnrmality that causes reversed organ placment is called?

A

situs inversus

95
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

when the heart has inverse placement

96
Q

What is situs perversus?

A

when a single organ occupies an abnormal position

97
Q

What are the biological characteristics of life?

8

OCMRHDRE

A

Organization

cellular composition

Metabolism

responsiveness/movement

homeostasis

development

reporduction

evolution

98
Q

Explain why organization is a characteristic of life.

A

Living thing exhibit a large level or organization that requires energy to upkeep

99
Q

Explain why cellular composition is a characteristic of life.

A

All living matter is composed of one or more cells

100
Q

Explain why metabolism is a characteristic of life.

A

Metabolism is the chemical process that takes molecules from the environment and changes them to from energy, provide structure and control their physiology

101
Q

Define excertion

A

The seperation and elimination of waste from the cells and body

102
Q

Explain why responsiveness and movement are characteristics of life.

A

Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense and react to stimuli. All living cells exhibit this characteristic

103
Q

Explain why homeostasis is a characteristic of life.

A

Living organisms maintain internal stability even when external conditions change

104
Q

Explain why development is a characteristc of life.

A

Most living organisms change form or function in some way via two major processes differentation and growth

105
Q

Define differentiation

A

The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.

106
Q

Define growth.

A

An increase in size

107
Q

Explain why reproduction is a characteristic of life

A

All living organisms can create copies of themselves and pass on genes

108
Q

Explain why evolution is a characteristic of life

A

All living species exhibit genetic changes generation to generation

109
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relativly stable internal conditions

110
Q

The internal state of the body is best described as a _____

A

A dynamic equalibrium

111
Q

What is a set point in the human body.

A

an average value for a given variable that conditions fluctuate around

e.g. 37 degrees C for body temp

112
Q

What is the fundemental mechinism that keeps a variable close to its set point?

A

A negative feedback loop

113
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

a process in chic the body senses change and activates mechanisms thay negate or reverse it

114
Q

Define vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels

115
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

the narrowinf of the blood vessels

116
Q

What are the three common components of a feedback loop?

A

The receptor, inregrating (control) center, and the effector

117
Q

What is the role of the receptor in a feedback loop?

A

it is a structure that senses a change in the body

118
Q

What is the integrating(control) center in a feedback loop?

A

a mechanism that processess information from the receptor and relates it to other information then makes a decision on the action it will take based on the information.

119
Q

What is the effector in a feedback loop?

A

the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action

120
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

a self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction

121
Q
A
122
Q

matter and energy ten to flow down _____

A

gradients

123
Q

What is a physiological gradient?

A

a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, tempuature or other variable between one point and another

124
Q

if enery or matter flow from the point where the varieable is higher to the point where it is lower we say it flows___

A

down the gradient

125
Q

What does it mean to flow up the gradient?

A

when energy or matter moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

126
Q

What is the clinical criteria to declair someone as clinically dead

A

The show no brainwaves, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat for 24 hours

127
Q

Chemicals flow down____gradients

A

concentration

128
Q

Charged particles flow down ___ gradients

A

electrical

129
Q

ions flow down ____ gradients

A

electrochemical

130
Q

Heat flows down ____ Gradients

A

thermal

131
Q

How can a person be clinically dead but biologically alive?

A

Clinical death is when the body is unable to stay alive independent from life support. although the patient’s tissues are still aive and functioning.

132
Q

Why is positive feedback more likely to disrupt homeostais than negative feedback

A

Because positive feedback loops amplify themselves and can get out of control

133
Q

Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called?

A

Gross anatomy

134
Q

The word prefix homeo means

A

same

135
Q

The simplest structures considered to be alive are called?

A

Cells

136
Q

an informed incertain but testable conjecture is a?

A

hypothesis

137
Q

A self-amplifying chain of psysiological events is called ?

A

positive feedback

138
Q

_____means studying human anatomy by touch

A

palpation

139
Q

the prefix hetero- means?

A

different

140
Q

Cutting and separating tissues to reveal structural relationships is called?

A

disecction

141
Q

Physiological effects of a persons mental state are called_____

A

psycosomatic

142
Q

What is the included in the axial region of the body

A

Head, Neck(cervical region) and trunk

143
Q

How is the trunk of the body divided?

A

The trunk is divided into the thoracic and abdominal regions

144
Q

What is included in the appendicular region of the body

A

The upper and lower limbs also called appendages or extremities

145
Q

the arm is the ___region

A

brachial

146
Q

the forearm is the ____region?

A

antebrachial

147
Q

What are the digits?

A

Fingers and toes

148
Q

The thigh is the ____region

A

femoral region

149
Q

the hands are the ____region

A

manual

150
Q

The leg is the ___region

A

crual (COO-rul)

151
Q

the ankle is the ___region

A

tarsal

152
Q

The wrist is the ___region

A

carpal

153
Q

the foot is the ___region

A

Pedal

154
Q

what is a segment of a limb

A

the region between on joint and the next

155
Q

internal organs are also called __

A

Viscera

156
Q

The layer of membrane that covers the surface of an organ is called the___?

A

Visceral layer

157
Q

The outer layer of a membrane covering an organ is called the

A

parietal layer

158
Q

what is the space that forms the trunk during embryonic development?

A

coelom

159
Q

What is the muscular sheet that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

160
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

membranes that line body cavities and organs.

They secrete a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum

161
Q

The region between the lungs extending from the base of the neck to the diaphram is called the ____

A

mediastinum

162
Q

What occupies the mediastinum?

A

the heart and its connecting major blood vessels, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchi, and the thymus

163
Q

What is the two-layered membrane that covers the heart?

A

the pericardium

164
Q

What is the associated viscera of the cranial cavity?

A

The brain

165
Q

What is the associated viscera of the vertebral cavity?

A

spinal cord

166
Q

What is the associated viscera of the pleural cavities?

A

the lungs

167
Q

What is the associated viscera of the pericardial cavity?

A

the heart

168
Q

What is the associated viscera of the abdominal cavity?

A

digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

169
Q

What is the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity?

A

bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

170
Q

What is the membranous lining of the cranial cavity?

A

meninges

171
Q

What is the membranous lining of the vertebral canal?

A

meninges

172
Q

What is the membranous lining of the pleural cavities?

A

pleurae

173
Q

What is the membranous lining of the pericardial cavity

A

pericardium

174
Q

What is the membranous lining of the abdominal cavity?

A

peritoneum

175
Q

What is the membranous lining of the pelvic cavity?

A

peritoneum

176
Q

The inner layer of the pericardium that forms the surface of the heart itself is called the?

A

visceral pericardium

177
Q

the outter layer of the pericardium is called?

A

the parietal pericardium

(pericardial sac)

178
Q

What is that space the seperates the visceral and the parietal layers of the pericardium?

A

the pericardial cavity

179
Q

What is the fluid that lubricates the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial fluid

180
Q

The outter surface of the lung is called the ___?

A

Visceral pleura

181
Q

What membraine covers the inside of the ribcage

A

parietal pleura

182
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

What lubricates

A

pleura cavity

pleurals fluds

183
Q

What are the three systems that support, protect and enable movement?

A

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

184
Q

What are the two body systems of communication and control?

A

nervous system and endocrine

185
Q

What are the two body systems of fluid transport

A

Circulatory and lymphatic

186
Q

What are the three body systems of intake and output?

A

respiratory

urinary

digestive

187
Q

What are the two systems of reproduction?

A

Male and female reproduction systems

188
Q
A
189
Q

What is the Acromial region?

A

The Shoulder

190
Q

What is the Axillary region?

A

the armpit

191
Q

What is the brachial region?

A

the arm

192
Q

What is the cubital region?

A

the elbow

193
Q

What is th antebrachial region?

A

the forearm

194
Q

What is the carpal region?

A

the wrist

195
Q

What is the palmer region?

A

the palm

196
Q

What is the cephalic region?

A

the head

197
Q

What is the facial region?

A

the face

198
Q

What is the cervical region?

A

the neck

199
Q

What is the thoracic region?

A

the chest

200
Q

What is the sternal region?

A

the sternum

*middle of the chest*

201
Q

What is the umbilical region?

A

the belly button

202
Q

What is the inguinal region?

A

the groin

203
Q

what is the femoral region?

A

the thigh

204
Q

what is the crual region?

A

the leg

205
Q

What is the tarsal region

A

the ankle

206
Q

what is the pedal region?

A

the foot

207
Q

What is the dorsum?

A

the superior surface of the foot

208
Q

What is the plantar surface?

A

the sole of the foot

209
Q

what is the cranial region?

A

the back of the head

210
Q

what is the nuchal region?

A

back of neck

211
Q

What is the interscapular region?

A

middle of upper back

212
Q

what is the scapular region?

A

the shoulder blade

213
Q

what is the vertebral region?

A

middle of center of back

214
Q

what is the lumbar region?

A

love handle

215
Q

What is the sacral region?

A

middle of lower back above buttcrack

216
Q

What is the gluteal region?

A

the buttock

217
Q

What is popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

218
Q

What is the calcaneal region?

A

the heel

219
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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