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Cardio 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Three layers of the heart wall, from outer to inner

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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2
Q

The ___ is called the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. It includes what components?

A

Epicardium

  • mesothelial lining covers external surface
  • loose CT and adipose tissue under medothelium (nerves and blood vessels pass through here)
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3
Q

The ___ is the principal component of the heart wall. It is formed by ___, and the ___ is thicker than the ___

A

Myocardium
Cardiac muscle
Myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria

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4
Q

Components of the endocardium:

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Subendothelial CT
  3. Impulse-conducting system of the heart (deeper layer of CT)
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5
Q

Heart walls are supported by ___

A

Fibrous skeleton that also extends into valves

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6
Q

The internal fibrous skeleton consists of ___

A

4 fibrous rings that surround the valve orifices
2 trigones which connect the rings together
-These are composed of DICT

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7
Q

Rings and trigones of the internal fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  1. Rings: pulmonary trunk, aorta, left atrioventricular ring (mitral valve), right atrioventricular ring (tricuspid valve)
  2. Left and right fibrous trigone
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8
Q

What do the left and right trigones of the internal fibrous skeleton connect?

A
  • left connects left atrioventricular and aortic fibrous rings
  • right connects left and right atrioventricular fibrous rings
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9
Q

The membranous part of the interventricular septum does not have ___. It is composed of ___ and contains part of the ___

A

Cardiac muscle
DICT
atrioventricular bundle

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10
Q

Valves are composed of ____

A

CT covered with endothelium

  • loose Ct acts as a shock absorber.
  • DICT with elastic fibers provides structural support
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11
Q

Valves are composed of ___ layers:

A
  1. Fibrosa (ventricular side)
  2. Spongiosa (core)
  3. Atrialis (atrial side)
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12
Q

Layers of valves:

Fibrosa

A

DICT connected to corresponding fibrous ring

Extends from the base along the ventricular side of the atrioventricular valves

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13
Q

Layers of valves:

Spongiosa

A

Loose CT with a lot of elastic fibers
Most prominent in the free edge of the valve
Shock absorber
Dampens vibrations when the valve closes
Can sometimes have a few adipose tissue cells

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14
Q

Layers of valves:

Atrialis

A

Proteiglycans and elastic fibers, occasionally smooth muscle cells
Covers the atrial aspect of the spongiosa

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15
Q

What causes mitral valve prolapse?

A

Abnormal formation of structural proteins (such as collagen or fibrillin)

*fibrillin mutations cause Marfan syndrome, these patients tend to suffer from mitral valve prolapse

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16
Q

The primary pacemaker of the heart is the ___ and the secondary is the ___

A 
SA node (sinoatrial)
AV node (atrioventricular)
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17
Q

Cardiac muscle contracts independently of ___. The autonomic nervous system ___

A

Nerve stimulation

Regulates the heartbeat, but does NOT initiate it

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nerves ___ the heart rate.
Sympathetic nerves ___ the heart rate.
*epinephrine, thyroid hormones, caffeine?

A

Decrease
Increase
*increase heart rate and force of contraction

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19
Q

Cardiac conducting cells are called ___, and they form what?

A

Purkinje fibers

-SA and AV nodes and the bundle of His

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20
Q

Myocardial infarctions are caused by

A

obstruction of coronary arteries and loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle for more than 20 minutes

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21
Q

Myocarditis is __, and is caused by __.

A
  • The inflammation of the myocardium

- Infection or intoxication

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22
Q

One of the more common tumors of the heart is a ___.
It is (being/malignant).
It is most commonly found __
It is best identified using __

A

Myxoma
Benign
Left atrium
Echocardiography

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23
Q

Malignant tumors of the heart usually originate __
One of the most common is ___
Rare?

A
  • Elsewhere and then metastasize to the heart
  • melanoma
  • a rare tumor that actually starts in the heart is angiosarcoma (1/3 of all malignant tumors that originate in the heart)
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24
Q

Cardiomyopathy results in __

A

Changes in the struct re of the cardiac muscle

Weakens the heart

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25
Q

The walls of arteries and veins are composed of ___ layers, called ___. Name them

A 
3
Tunics
Tunica intima
Tunica media 
Tunica adventitia
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26
Q

How do you differentiate between different arteries and veins?

A

Composition and thickness of the 3 tunics

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27
Q

Components of the tunica intima of vessels

A 
Endothelium
Subendothelial CT (loose CT)
Internal elastic lamina
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28
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Functions:
Selectively permeable barrier

A

allows movement from blood to underlying tissue

  • simple diffusion for small uncharged molecules (oxygen or CO2)
  • others have different pathways
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29
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Selectively permeable barrier:
Pathways

A
  1. Transcellular for active transport
  2. Paracellular pathway for passive transport across zonula occludens
  3. Gaps or fenestratuons
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30
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Selectively permeable barrier:
Pathways:
Transcellular pathway

A

uses pinocytic vesicles (or calveolae)

  • calveolae use clathrin-independent form of endocytosis (for glucose)
  • clathrin-dependent endocytosis is used for LDL and cholesterol
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31
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Function:
Non-thrombogenic barrier

A

Between platelets and subendothelial tissue

  • produce anticoagulants such as thrombomodulin
  • damage to endothelial cells causes them to release prothrombogenic agents, such as von Willebrand factor, which leads to clotting
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32
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Function:
Blood flow control

A
  1. Vasoconstriction-endothelin, thromboxane, and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
  2. Vasodilation-NO and prostacyclin
33
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Function
Immune response

A

Through regulation of lymphocyte adhesion and production of several interleukins (IL-1, 6, 8)

34
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Function
Metabolic and hormonal activity

A
  1. Production of growth factors
    - CSF (colony-stimulating)
    - PDGF (platelet-derived)
    - TGF beta (transforming)
    - fibroblast GF
35
Q

Endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Function
Converting __ to ___ in the presence of ___

A

Angiotensin I to II in the presence of ACE

36
Q

The internal elastic lamina of the endothelial cells of the tunica intimate separates ___ from ___ and is composed of ___

A
  • tunica intimate from media

- flattened fenestrated sheet of elastin

37
Q

The tunica media of blood vessels is composed of ___. It is more well-developed in ___, and includes ___ and ___

A
  • Smooth muscles
  • Arteries
  • Circular smooth muscle fibers and an external elastic lamina the separates tunica media from tunica adventitia
38
Q

The tunica adventitia of blood vessels is composed of ___ and includes the following 4 elements:

A

CT

  1. Longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
  2. Loose CT primarily on the periphery
  3. Vasa vasorum
  4. Nervi vasorum
39
Q

Vasa vasorum are __

A

Small blood vessels that supply the walls of the larger blood vessels

40
Q

Nervi vasorum are ___

A

Nerves that innervate blood vessels and travel through the tunica adventitia

41
Q

3 major types of arteries

A
  1. Large elastic, which are conducting vessels
  2. Muscular, which are medium-sized distributing vessels
  3. Small arteries and arterioles, which are resistance vessels
42
Q

The pulmonary artery and the aorta are what kinds of arteries? What others are of the same type?

A

Large elastic
Subclavian
Common carotid

43
Q

Large elastic arteries:
Tunica intima
Layers

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Subendothelial layer (contains collagen and elastic fibers)
  3. InternL elastic lamina (inconspicuous)
44
Q

Large elastic arteries:
Tunica intima
Endothelium

A

Endothelial cells contain rod-like inclusions called Weibel-Palade bodies, which contain bin Willebrand factor, which plays an important role in coagulation.

45
Q

Antibodies to con Willebrand factor can be used to ___

A

Identify endothelium-derived tumors (e.g. Angiosarcomas)

46
Q

Large elastic arteries:
Tunica media
Contains?

A

Extremely thick

  • elastic lamellae (formed by elastin) form concentric layers between muscle cells
  • circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers
47
Q

In individuals with ___, the thickness of the tunica media and the number of the elastic lamellae in large elastic arteries increases

A

Hypertension

48
Q

Large elastic arteries:
Tunica adventitia
Contains?

A

Relatively thin

  • collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages
  • vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum
49
Q

Main differences between muscular and large elastic arteries
(General)

A

Muscular are somewhat smaller and have very little elastic material in the tunica media. They also have a more prominent internal elastic lamina.

50
Q

Muscular arteries:
Tunica intima
Contains?

A

Thinner than in large arteries, but the same layers:

  1. Endothelium
  2. Thin subendothelial layer with collagen and elastic fibers
  3. Prominent internal elastic lamina
51
Q

Muscular arteries:
Tunica media
Contains?

A
  • Very few elastic lamellae
  • circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers
  • well developed external elastic lamina
  • thicker than the tunica adventitia
52
Q

Muscular arteries:
Tunica adventitia
Contains?

A
  • well developed
  • collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages
  • vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum are not as abundant as in the large elastic arteries
53
Q

Small arteries and arterioles contain fewer layers of smooth muscle in the ___.
___ is thin.

A

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

54
Q

Small arteries have up to ___ layers of smooth muscle fibers in the ___. Typically there is ___

A

8
tunica media
Internal elastic lamina

55
Q

Arterioles have ___ layers of smooth muscle fibers in the ___.
The ___ is not well developed.
Arterioles control ___ by ___.
They direct blood to where it is most needed

A

One or two
Tunica media
Internal elastic lamina
Blood flow to capillary network by contracting smooth muscle cells

56
Q

Atherosclerosis results from __

Components?

A 
The formation of lesions in the tunica intima 
Components of the lesions:
-fibrous tissue
-smooth muscle cells
-macrophages
-foam cells
-cholesterol crystals
-cell debris
57
Q

Progression of atherosclerosis lesions causes ___, which eventually may result in ___. Possible consequences are responsible for over 50% of deaths in the US and include MI and strokes

A
  • Disruption of the endothelium, blood stasis, and thrombosis
  • occlusion of the vessel
58
Q

___ are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They do not exhibit ___ and their walls are very ____

A
  • Capillaries
  • The three tunics in their walls
  • Thin to allow fluids, containing gases, metabolites, and waste products
59
Q

Each capillary consists of ___. The diameter of a capillary is just large enough for blood cells to pass through one at a time.

A

A single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina.

60
Q

3 types of capillaries:

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
61
Q

Continuous capillaries are found ___. They are characterized by the presence of ___ between cells. The ___ in these capillaries is continuous.

A
  • in muscle tissue, lungs, and CNS
  • occluding junctions
  • basal lamina
62
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found ___. They are characterized by the presence of fenestrations in the ___, not in the ___ that help filter fluid in.

A
  • in tissues where there is a lot of fluid transport, such as intestinal villi, choroid plexus, renal glomeruli, and endocrine organs
  • endothelial cells, not in the basal lamina
63
Q

Discontinuous capillaries (or ___) are large capillaries found ____. In these rather large capillaries, endothelial cells can be completely separated by ___

A
  • Sinusoids
  • Specialized organs such as liver, spleen, and bone marrow
  • larger gaps that extend into the basal lamina, which is also fenestrated. This allows the endothelium to act as a filter
64
Q

Veins generally have ___ walls than arteries. What are the major types of veins?

A 
Thinner
1. Small veins/venules
  A. Postcapillary venules
  B. Muscular venules
2. Medium veins
3. Large veins
65
Q

___ receive blood from the capillaries. They do not have ___. This is the principle site of ____, which is initiated by ___. This is accompanied by ___

A
  • postcapillary venules
  • tunica media
  • emigration of WBCs into tissue
  • histamine and serotonin, which cause an increase in permeability of venules
  • edema
66
Q

The postcapillary venules of the lymphatic organs have ____ and thus are called ___

A

Tall endothelium

High endothelial venules

67
Q

Muscular venules collect blood from ___. They have very little ___ and can be up to __ in diameter

A

Postcapillary venules
Smooth muscle in the tunica media
1 mm

68
Q

Medium veins are ___ in diameter. The 3 tunics are readily observable. They collect blood from ___

A

Less than 1 cm

Muscular venules

69
Q

Medium veins:

Tunica intima

A

Same layers as arteries:

  1. Endothelium w/basal lamina
  2. Very thin subendothelial layer with collagen and elastic fibers
  3. Very thin internal elastic lamina
70
Q

Medium veins:

Tunica media

A

Much thinner than in arteries of the same diameter

Thinner than tunica adventitia (which is different than arteries of the same size)

71
Q

Medium veins:

Tunica adventitia

A 
Thicker than tunica media
Contains:
-elastic and collagen fibers
-fibroblasts and macrophages
-vasa and nervi vasorum
72
Q

Large veins are ___ in diameter. They deliver blood to ___. The three tunica are readily observable and are similar to the medium veins but ___

A

More than 1 cm
The heart
The boundaries are not as distinct

73
Q

Large veins:

Tunica intima

A

Same layers as in medium veins, but the subendothelial layer of CT is thicker and the internal elastic membrane is prominent (it is very thin in medium veins)

74
Q

Large veins:

Tunica media

A

Very inconspicuous

75
Q

Large veins:

Tunica adventitia

A

Extremely well developed

Many longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibers

76
Q

Valves guarantee ____ and consist of a thin layer of ___

A

Unidirectional flow

CT covered with endothelial lining

77
Q

Lymphatic capillaries have ___ permeability than blood capillaries, which allows them to collect ___, which is delivered to ____.
Lymphatic capillaries are most common in ___

A

greater
Protein-rich fluid from intercellular spaces
Lymphatic vessels (at this point it is called lymph)
Loose CT

78
Q

Endothelium of the arteries and veins is what type?

A

Simple squamous

Cardio 1 (14 decks)

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