histology Flashcards
1
Q
haversian system or osteon consists of?
A
haversian canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, lacunae
2
Q
2 types of bone?
A
compact bone and cancellous bone
3
Q
types of bony lamellae
A
concentric, interstitial, outer circumferential lamellae, inner circumferential lamellae
4
Q
fibers that penetrate the bone matrix?
A
sharpey’s fibers
5
Q
Also called bony processes in the cancellous bone?
A
trabeculae
6
Q
what do you call the development of the bone?
A
osteogenesis
7
Q
fundamental types of tissue?
A
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and hematopoietic tissue
8
Q
3 germ layers?
A
mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm
9
Q
mesoderm consists of?
A
kidneys, lining of the male and female reproductive organs, spleen, vascular system and adrenal cortex
10
Q
endoderm consists of?
A
epithelium of the alimentary tract, parenchyma of the liver, pancreas and gastric glands
11
Q
ectoderm consists of?
A
epidermis of the skin, epithelium of the cornea, adrenal medulla, hair, nails, PNS,CNS, pituitary gland, mammary gland
12
Q
what are the classification of epithelium as to structure and function?
A
covering epithelium, glandular epithellium
13
Q
what are the examples of simple squamous epithelium?
A
enclothelium of blood vessels, mesothelium of body cavities, thin loop of henle, parietal layer of bowman’s capsule, rete testis
14
Q
what are the examples of simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
pct and dct, covering of the vagina and thyroid, capsule of lens, choroid plexus, pigment epithelium of the retina
15
Q
what are the examples of columnar epithelium?
A
intestine and gall bladder
16
Q
what are the examples of simple columnar ciliated epithelium?
A
uterus and oviducts from the fallopian tube
17
Q
what are the stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium?
A
mouth, esophagus, vagina and anal canal
18
Q
what are the examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
A
ducts of sweat gland and developing ovarian follicle
19
Q
what are the examples of stratified columnar epithelium?
A
penile urethra, palpebral conjunctiva and large excretory ducts of the skin
20
Q
what are the examples of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?
A
respiratory passages and nasopharynx
21
Q
what are the two classification as to number of cells?
A
unicellular gland and multicellular gland
22
Q
what are the glands as to manner of secretion?
A
exocrine, endocrine, paracrine and accrine
23
Q
examples of endocrine gland?
A
pituitary gland and adrenal gland
24
Q
examples of exocrine gland?
A
salivary gland and gastric gland
25
duct associated with parotid duct?
stensens duct
26
duct associated with submandibular duct?
Wharton's duct
27
duct associated with sublingual duct?
Bartholin's duct
28
examples of accrine gland?
phagocytes and basophils
29
classification as to mechanism for release of secretory products?
merocrine gland- sweat gland
apocrine gland- mammary gland
holocrine gland- sebaceous gland
30
predominantly serous?
submandibular gland
31
predominantly mucous?
sublingual gland
32
gland with pseudostratified columnar ciliate epithelium?
tracheal gland
33
produce germ cells/ sex cells/ gametes
cytogenic gland
34
example of simple tubular?
intestinal gland
35
example of simple coiled tubular?
sweat gland
36
example of simple branched tubular?
uterine and gastric gland
37
example of simple acinar?
glands of the skin of certain amphibians
38
example of branched acinar?
large sebaceous glands of skin and meibounian gland of eyelids
39
Composition of connective tissue
connective tissue cells, ground matrix and connective tissue fibers
40
permanent residents in the connective tissue
fixed cell
41
composition of fixed cells
fibroblast, mesenchymal cells, reticular cells and fat cells
42
responsible for the synthesis of collagen fibers?
fibroblasts
43
multi-potential cells?
mesenchymal cells
44
synthesizes reticular fibers?
reticular cells
45
has a signet ring appearance?
fat cells
46
spindle shape, elongated and dark staining nucleus and acidophilic
fibrocytes
47
examples of wandering cells/ free cells
WBC, mast cells and plasma cells
48
contains hydrophilic enzymes
macrophages
49
mononucleated cell that contains basophilic granules
mast cells
50
b- lymphocytes, eccentrically located has many chromatin that has a cartwheel appearance and produces antibodies
plasma cells
51
"amorphous ground substance"
intercellular ground matrix
52
composition of intercellular ground matrix
GAGS, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan, keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate
53
what are the connective tissue fibers?
Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers and reticular fibers
54
most abundant fiber, colorless in fresh tissue, flexible but inelastic?
collagen fiber
55
special stain in collagen fiber?
massons trichrome stain
56
precursor of collagen?
procollagen
57
serves as a backbone for intercellular ground matrix
hyaluronic acid
58
1mm in diameter, yellow color in fresh tissue, lesser tensile strength
elastic fibers
59
stain used in elastic tissue? and what color it colors the specimen?
orcein stain, blue to black
60
comprises the core of the fiber
fibrillar form
61
comprises the elastic lamellae of blood vessels
non-fibrillar form
62
elastic cartilages form the framework of:
auricle, external acoustic meatus, external nose, auditory tube, some parts of the larynx
63
formation of the elastic fibers
fribroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal cells
64
are argyrophilic fibers?
reticular fiber
65
what type of collagen are reticular fibers?
type III
66
2 general classes of connective tissue
loose and dense connective tissue
67
what are the tissues under the modified loose ct?
elastic tissue, reticular tissue, adipose tissue and muous tissue
68
forms bundles, found in the walls of the hollow organs?
elastic tissue
69
2 components of reticular tissue
reticular cells and reticular fibers
70
examples of mucous tissue
amorphous ground substance(hyaluronic acid), whartons jelly of umbilical cord, pulp of young teeth
71
what are the examples of dense irregular ct?
dermis of the skin, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, testes
72
covering of the bone that is more fibrous externally and more cellular internally and contains a lot of fibroblasts
periosteum
73
where dense irregular connective tissue is found?
dura mater
74
examples of dense regular connective tissue?
tendons. ligaments and fibrous membranes
75
bone cells?
osteocytes
76
bone forming cells, secretes the osteoid and becomes collagen?
osteoblasts
77
synthesized the CHON
collagen
78
multinucleated giant cells which is involved in bone resorption and remodelling
osteoclasts
79
depression in the osteoclasts?
resorption bay or howship lacunae
80
what type of collagen is involved in the organic component?
Type I collagen
81
ground substance consists of?
proteoglycan, glycoproteins and osteirectin
82
inorganic component consist of:
hydroxyapatite, HCO3, citrate, magnesium, potassium and sodium
83
also known as osteoprogenitor cells
mesenchymal cells
84
unmineralized bone matrix
osteoid
85
unit of structure of bone?
haversian sytem or osteon
86
inside the canaliculi?
osteocyte processes
87
canal where osteocyte processes are beated?
canaliculi
88
fibrous covering of the bone?
periosteum and endosteum
89
thin layer of squamous cells, thinner than medullary cavities and provides nutrition for bone tissues and also provides continuous supple of new osteoblast and engage in remodelling
endosteum
90
where do compact bone found?
diaphysis of long bones and plates of flat bones
91
composed of spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone
epiphysis
92
center of the bone
metaphysis
93
haphazardly arranged?
osteocytes
94
classification as to shape (bone)
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
95
2 types of osteogenesis
intramembranous ossification and intracartilaginous ossification
96
where do intramembranous ossification derived from?
mesenchymes
97
where do endochondrial ossification derived from?
hyalince cartilage
98
example of intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull, maxilla, mandible
99
example of the endochondrial ossification
vertebral column, pelvis, extermities
100
cell of cartilages
chondrocytes
101
gets the nutrients from perichondrium and avascular (no blood supply)
cartilage
102
most common form, not covered by perichondrium
hyaline cartilage
103
where do we found the hyaline cartilages?
epiphyseal disc, ventral and central cartilage of ribs, cricoid and thyroid cartilage of larynx, cartilaginous rings of trachea and bronchi, articular cartilage
104
not covered by the perichondrium, gets nutrition from synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage that will not assify
articular cartilage
105
component of ground substance of hyaline cartilage
moderate amount of collagen fibers
106
most flexible tyoe of cartiage
elastic cartilage
107
component of ground substance of elastic cartilage
less abundant
108
where do we found the elastic cartilages?
auricle, walls of external auditory canal, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, epiglottic cartilage of larynx
109
characteristic between dense ct and hyaline cartilage
fribrous cartilage
110
ground substance of fibrous cartilage contains?
presence of collage fibers, acidophilic, no identifiable perichondrium
111
skeletal muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations
elongated with blunt ends, multinucleated, voluntary, peripheral, in bundles, present
112
smooth muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations
elongated, mono/ bi, involuntary, central, in bundles, present
113
smooth muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations
fusiform with spindle shape, mono, involuntary, central, in layers, absent
114
cell membrane of muscle
sarcolemma
115
cytoplasm of muscle
sarcoplasm
116
surrounds the muscle fibers
endomysium
117
surrounds the fascicles
perimysium
118
surrounds the muscles
epimysium
119
responsible for the intake / uptake of ca+ ions during muscle contraction and relaxation
sarcoplasmic reticulum
120
types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle, cardiac and smooth muscle
121
between Z successive Z lines, repetitive functional subunit
sarcomere
122
darker bands, anisotrophic
A bands
123
lighter bands, isotrophic, composed of actin filaments, extends on both sides of Z lines
I bands
124
composed of myosin filaments only
H zone
125
center of H zone
M line
126
types of filaments
myosin and actin
127
thicker, principal constituent of A band
Myosin
128
thinner, constitutes I band, extend on either sides of the Z line
Actin
129
finger-like invaginations of sarcolemma
Transverse T tubules
130
what happens during contraction of muscle
I bands decrease in size
H zone decreases
shortening of sarcomere
131
constitute the triad of skeletal muscle cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum complex
132
intrafusal fibers, stretch detectors
muscle spindle
133
detects changes in tension within tendons produced by muscle contractions
Golgi organs
134
3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
type I, type IIa, type IIb
135
3 main junctional complexes
fascia adherens, desmosomes and gap junction
136
most prominent membrane specialization
fascia adherens
137
binds muscle together
desmosomes
138
provides ionic continuity between cells
gap junction
139
2 main types of nervous tissue
CNS and PNS
140
component of CNS
brain and spinal cord
141
component of PNS
cranial nerves, spinal nerves and peripheral nerves
142
communication essential function
irritability and conductivity
143
component of gray matter
```
nerve cells
neuroglia
-ependyma
-neuroglial cells
-protoplasmic astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
```
144
component of white matter
```
myelinated nerve fiber
neuroglial cells
-fibrous astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
```
145
cells that line the cavity of the spinal cord
ependymal cells
146
parts of the neuron
cell body, cytoplasm and nucleus
147
trophic and nutritive center and genetic center of the neuron
cell body
148
cytoplasm of the neuron contains:
nissl's granules, mitochondria, centrosomes, microfibrils, inclusions of glycogen fats and lipofuchsin, Golgi apparatus
149
the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the neuron has?
fish eye appearance
150
short cytoplasmic processes that receives the stimulus coming from other neurons
dendrites
151
visible only in silver staining method
dendritic spines
152
generate and conduct nerve impulse to other cells
axons
153
classification as to structure of neuron
unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar and multipolar
154
where chicken pox virus reactivates
cerebrospinal ganglia
155
conducts the impulse towards cell's body or CNS
sensory neurons(afferent)
156
conducts impulse toward effector organ
motor neurons(efferent)
157
connects sensory with motor neurons
association neurons (Interneurons)
158
long axons?
Golgi type I
159
short axons?
Golgi type II
160
2 cells of neuroglia
ependymal cells and neuroglial cells
161
lining the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricular cavities of the brain, doesn't have basement membrane
ependymal cells
162
component of neuroglial cells
astrocytes and microglia
163
most important supporting element of the CNS
astrocytes
164
expanded pedicles in the astrocytes
perivascular feet
165
2 types of astrocyte
protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes
166
found in the gray matter of the CNS, short, branched and thicker processes
protoplasmic astrocytes
167
found in the white matter of CNS, processes are long, slender and smooth
fibrous astrocytes
168
predominant glial cells in the CNS white matter and produces the myelin sheat
oligodendrocytes
169
less numerous but evenly distributed throughout the gray and white matter, as as scavengers of CNS
microglia
170
derived from mesoderm, circulating monocytes
microglia
171
principal structure of the CNS
cerebrum and cerebellum
172
2 cerebral hemisphere that connects the cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum
173
where do we found the fibrous cartilage?
symphysis pubis and intervertebral disc
