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histopathology > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

haversian system or osteon consists of?

A

haversian canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, lacunae

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2
Q

2 types of bone?

A

compact bone and cancellous bone

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3
Q

types of bony lamellae

A

concentric, interstitial, outer circumferential lamellae, inner circumferential lamellae

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4
Q

fibers that penetrate the bone matrix?

A

sharpey’s fibers

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5
Q

Also called bony processes in the cancellous bone?

A

trabeculae

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6
Q

what do you call the development of the bone?

A

osteogenesis

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7
Q

fundamental types of tissue?

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and hematopoietic tissue

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8
Q

3 germ layers?

A

mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm

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9
Q

mesoderm consists of?

A

kidneys, lining of the male and female reproductive organs, spleen, vascular system and adrenal cortex

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10
Q

endoderm consists of?

A

epithelium of the alimentary tract, parenchyma of the liver, pancreas and gastric glands

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11
Q

ectoderm consists of?

A

epidermis of the skin, epithelium of the cornea, adrenal medulla, hair, nails, PNS,CNS, pituitary gland, mammary gland

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12
Q

what are the classification of epithelium as to structure and function?

A

covering epithelium, glandular epithellium

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13
Q

what are the examples of simple squamous epithelium?

A

enclothelium of blood vessels, mesothelium of body cavities, thin loop of henle, parietal layer of bowman’s capsule, rete testis

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14
Q

what are the examples of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

pct and dct, covering of the vagina and thyroid, capsule of lens, choroid plexus, pigment epithelium of the retina

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15
Q

what are the examples of columnar epithelium?

A

intestine and gall bladder

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16
Q

what are the examples of simple columnar ciliated epithelium?

A

uterus and oviducts from the fallopian tube

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17
Q

what are the stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium?

A

mouth, esophagus, vagina and anal canal

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18
Q

what are the examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

ducts of sweat gland and developing ovarian follicle

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19
Q

what are the examples of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

penile urethra, palpebral conjunctiva and large excretory ducts of the skin

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20
Q

what are the examples of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?

A

respiratory passages and nasopharynx

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21
Q

what are the two classification as to number of cells?

A

unicellular gland and multicellular gland

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22
Q

what are the glands as to manner of secretion?

A

exocrine, endocrine, paracrine and accrine

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23
Q

examples of endocrine gland?

A

pituitary gland and adrenal gland

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24
Q

examples of exocrine gland?

A

salivary gland and gastric gland

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25
Q

duct associated with parotid duct?

A

stensens duct

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26
Q

duct associated with submandibular duct?

A

Wharton’s duct

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27
Q

duct associated with sublingual duct?

A

Bartholin’s duct

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28
Q

examples of accrine gland?

A

phagocytes and basophils

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29
Q

classification as to mechanism for release of secretory products?

A

merocrine gland- sweat gland
apocrine gland- mammary gland
holocrine gland- sebaceous gland

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30
Q

predominantly serous?

A

submandibular gland

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31
Q

predominantly mucous?

A

sublingual gland

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32
Q

gland with pseudostratified columnar ciliate epithelium?

A

tracheal gland

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33
Q

produce germ cells/ sex cells/ gametes

A

cytogenic gland

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34
Q

example of simple tubular?

A

intestinal gland

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35
Q

example of simple coiled tubular?

A

sweat gland

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36
Q

example of simple branched tubular?

A

uterine and gastric gland

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37
Q

example of simple acinar?

A

glands of the skin of certain amphibians

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38
Q

example of branched acinar?

A

large sebaceous glands of skin and meibounian gland of eyelids

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39
Q

Composition of connective tissue

A

connective tissue cells, ground matrix and connective tissue fibers

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40
Q

permanent residents in the connective tissue

A

fixed cell

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41
Q

composition of fixed cells

A

fibroblast, mesenchymal cells, reticular cells and fat cells

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42
Q

responsible for the synthesis of collagen fibers?

A

fibroblasts

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43
Q

multi-potential cells?

A

mesenchymal cells

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44
Q

synthesizes reticular fibers?

A

reticular cells

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45
Q

has a signet ring appearance?

A

fat cells

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46
Q

spindle shape, elongated and dark staining nucleus and acidophilic

A

fibrocytes

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47
Q

examples of wandering cells/ free cells

A

WBC, mast cells and plasma cells

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48
Q

contains hydrophilic enzymes

A

macrophages

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49
Q

mononucleated cell that contains basophilic granules

A

mast cells

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50
Q

b- lymphocytes, eccentrically located has many chromatin that has a cartwheel appearance and produces antibodies

A

plasma cells

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51
Q

“amorphous ground substance”

A

intercellular ground matrix

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52
Q

composition of intercellular ground matrix

A

GAGS, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan, keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate

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53
Q

what are the connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers and reticular fibers

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54
Q

most abundant fiber, colorless in fresh tissue, flexible but inelastic?

A

collagen fiber

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55
Q

special stain in collagen fiber?

A

massons trichrome stain

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56
Q

precursor of collagen?

A

procollagen

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57
Q

serves as a backbone for intercellular ground matrix

A

hyaluronic acid

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58
Q

1mm in diameter, yellow color in fresh tissue, lesser tensile strength

A

elastic fibers

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59
Q

stain used in elastic tissue? and what color it colors the specimen?

A

orcein stain, blue to black

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60
Q

comprises the core of the fiber

A

fibrillar form

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61
Q

comprises the elastic lamellae of blood vessels

A

non-fibrillar form

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62
Q

elastic cartilages form the framework of:

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, external nose, auditory tube, some parts of the larynx

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63
Q

formation of the elastic fibers

A

fribroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal cells

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64
Q

are argyrophilic fibers?

A

reticular fiber

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65
Q

what type of collagen are reticular fibers?

A

type III

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66
Q

2 general classes of connective tissue

A

loose and dense connective tissue

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67
Q

what are the tissues under the modified loose ct?

A

elastic tissue, reticular tissue, adipose tissue and muous tissue

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68
Q

forms bundles, found in the walls of the hollow organs?

A

elastic tissue

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69
Q

2 components of reticular tissue

A

reticular cells and reticular fibers

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70
Q

examples of mucous tissue

A

amorphous ground substance(hyaluronic acid), whartons jelly of umbilical cord, pulp of young teeth

71
Q

what are the examples of dense irregular ct?

A

dermis of the skin, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, testes

72
Q

covering of the bone that is more fibrous externally and more cellular internally and contains a lot of fibroblasts

A

periosteum

73
Q

where dense irregular connective tissue is found?

A

dura mater

74
Q

examples of dense regular connective tissue?

A

tendons. ligaments and fibrous membranes

75
Q

bone cells?

A

osteocytes

76
Q

bone forming cells, secretes the osteoid and becomes collagen?

A

osteoblasts

77
Q

synthesized the CHON

A

collagen

78
Q

multinucleated giant cells which is involved in bone resorption and remodelling

A

osteoclasts

79
Q

depression in the osteoclasts?

A

resorption bay or howship lacunae

80
Q

what type of collagen is involved in the organic component?

A

Type I collagen

81
Q

ground substance consists of?

A

proteoglycan, glycoproteins and osteirectin

82
Q

inorganic component consist of:

A

hydroxyapatite, HCO3, citrate, magnesium, potassium and sodium

83
Q

also known as osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal cells

84
Q

unmineralized bone matrix

A

osteoid

85
Q

unit of structure of bone?

A

haversian sytem or osteon

86
Q

inside the canaliculi?

A

osteocyte processes

87
Q

canal where osteocyte processes are beated?

A

canaliculi

88
Q

fibrous covering of the bone?

A

periosteum and endosteum

89
Q

thin layer of squamous cells, thinner than medullary cavities and provides nutrition for bone tissues and also provides continuous supple of new osteoblast and engage in remodelling

A

endosteum

90
Q

where do compact bone found?

A

diaphysis of long bones and plates of flat bones

91
Q

composed of spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone

A

epiphysis

92
Q

center of the bone

A

metaphysis

93
Q

haphazardly arranged?

A

osteocytes

94
Q

classification as to shape (bone)

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

95
Q

2 types of osteogenesis

A

intramembranous ossification and intracartilaginous ossification

96
Q

where do intramembranous ossification derived from?

A

mesenchymes

97
Q

where do endochondrial ossification derived from?

A

hyalince cartilage

98
Q

example of intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of the skull, maxilla, mandible

99
Q

example of the endochondrial ossification

A

vertebral column, pelvis, extermities

100
Q

cell of cartilages

A

chondrocytes

101
Q

gets the nutrients from perichondrium and avascular (no blood supply)

A

cartilage

102
Q

most common form, not covered by perichondrium

A

hyaline cartilage

103
Q

where do we found the hyaline cartilages?

A

epiphyseal disc, ventral and central cartilage of ribs, cricoid and thyroid cartilage of larynx, cartilaginous rings of trachea and bronchi, articular cartilage

104
Q

not covered by the perichondrium, gets nutrition from synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage that will not assify

A

articular cartilage

105
Q

component of ground substance of hyaline cartilage

A

moderate amount of collagen fibers

106
Q

most flexible tyoe of cartiage

A

elastic cartilage

107
Q

component of ground substance of elastic cartilage

A

less abundant

108
Q

where do we found the elastic cartilages?

A

auricle, walls of external auditory canal, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, epiglottic cartilage of larynx

109
Q

characteristic between dense ct and hyaline cartilage

A

fribrous cartilage

110
Q

ground substance of fibrous cartilage contains?

A

presence of collage fibers, acidophilic, no identifiable perichondrium

111
Q

skeletal muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations

A

elongated with blunt ends, multinucleated, voluntary, peripheral, in bundles, present

112
Q

smooth muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations

A

elongated, mono/ bi, involuntary, central, in bundles, present

113
Q

smooth muscle according to shape, no. of nucleus, action, location, arrangement and striations

A

fusiform with spindle shape, mono, involuntary, central, in layers, absent

114
Q

cell membrane of muscle

A

sarcolemma

115
Q

cytoplasm of muscle

A

sarcoplasm

116
Q

surrounds the muscle fibers

A

endomysium

117
Q

surrounds the fascicles

A

perimysium

118
Q

surrounds the muscles

A

epimysium

119
Q

responsible for the intake / uptake of ca+ ions during muscle contraction and relaxation

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

120
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac and smooth muscle

121
Q

between Z successive Z lines, repetitive functional subunit

A

sarcomere

122
Q

darker bands, anisotrophic

A

A bands

123
Q

lighter bands, isotrophic, composed of actin filaments, extends on both sides of Z lines

A

I bands

124
Q

composed of myosin filaments only

A

H zone

125
Q

center of H zone

A

M line

126
Q

types of filaments

A

myosin and actin

127
Q

thicker, principal constituent of A band

A

Myosin

128
Q

thinner, constitutes I band, extend on either sides of the Z line

A

Actin

129
Q

finger-like invaginations of sarcolemma

A

Transverse T tubules

130
Q

what happens during contraction of muscle

A

I bands decrease in size
H zone decreases
shortening of sarcomere

131
Q

constitute the triad of skeletal muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum complex

132
Q

intrafusal fibers, stretch detectors

A

muscle spindle

133
Q

detects changes in tension within tendons produced by muscle contractions

A

Golgi organs

134
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

type I, type IIa, type IIb

135
Q

3 main junctional complexes

A

fascia adherens, desmosomes and gap junction

136
Q

most prominent membrane specialization

A

fascia adherens

137
Q

binds muscle together

A

desmosomes

138
Q

provides ionic continuity between cells

A

gap junction

139
Q

2 main types of nervous tissue

A

CNS and PNS

140
Q

component of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

141
Q

component of PNS

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves and peripheral nerves

142
Q

communication essential function

A

irritability and conductivity

143
Q

component of gray matter

A 
nerve cells
neuroglia
-ependyma
-neuroglial cells
-protoplasmic astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
144
Q

component of white matter

A 
myelinated nerve fiber
neuroglial cells
-fibrous astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
145
Q

cells that line the cavity of the spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

146
Q

parts of the neuron

A

cell body, cytoplasm and nucleus

147
Q

trophic and nutritive center and genetic center of the neuron

A

cell body

148
Q

cytoplasm of the neuron contains:

A

nissl’s granules, mitochondria, centrosomes, microfibrils, inclusions of glycogen fats and lipofuchsin, Golgi apparatus

149
Q

the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the neuron has?

A

fish eye appearance

150
Q

short cytoplasmic processes that receives the stimulus coming from other neurons

A

dendrites

151
Q

visible only in silver staining method

A

dendritic spines

152
Q

generate and conduct nerve impulse to other cells

A

axons

153
Q

classification as to structure of neuron

A

unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar and multipolar

154
Q

where chicken pox virus reactivates

A

cerebrospinal ganglia

155
Q

conducts the impulse towards cell’s body or CNS

A

sensory neurons(afferent)

156
Q

conducts impulse toward effector organ

A

motor neurons(efferent)

157
Q

connects sensory with motor neurons

A

association neurons (Interneurons)

158
Q

long axons?

A

Golgi type I

159
Q

short axons?

A

Golgi type II

160
Q

2 cells of neuroglia

A

ependymal cells and neuroglial cells

161
Q

lining the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricular cavities of the brain, doesn’t have basement membrane

A

ependymal cells

162
Q

component of neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes and microglia

163
Q

most important supporting element of the CNS

A

astrocytes

164
Q

expanded pedicles in the astrocytes

A

perivascular feet

165
Q

2 types of astrocyte

A

protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes

166
Q

found in the gray matter of the CNS, short, branched and thicker processes

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

167
Q

found in the white matter of CNS, processes are long, slender and smooth

A

fibrous astrocytes

168
Q

predominant glial cells in the CNS white matter and produces the myelin sheat

A

oligodendrocytes

169
Q

less numerous but evenly distributed throughout the gray and white matter, as as scavengers of CNS

A

microglia

170
Q

derived from mesoderm, circulating monocytes

A

microglia

171
Q

principal structure of the CNS

A

cerebrum and cerebellum

172
Q

2 cerebral hemisphere that connects the cerebral hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

173
Q

where do we found the fibrous cartilage?

A

symphysis pubis and intervertebral disc

histopathology (5 decks)

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