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March Exams > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Contents of cortex

A
  • layer of dense fibrous tissue below epithelium
  • resting follicles
  • maturing follicles
  • atretic follicles
  • fibrous stroma
  • corpus lutuem
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1
Q

What lines outer cortex of ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium (mesothelium)

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2
Q

Contents of ovary medulla

A
  • fibrous stroma
  • interstitial cells (similar to leydig)
  • nerve fibers (assoc with arteries with myofibroblast like stromal cells)
  • blood vessels (arteries helicine)
  • lymohatic vessels
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3
Q

What is found in liquor folliculi?

A
  • hyaluronate
  • steroids
  • growth factors
  • gonadotropins
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4
Q

When is the dominant follicle determined?

A

Day 7

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5
Q

Role of activin in estradiol production

A
  • secreted by GCs
  • acts in autocrine fashion on GCs
  • upreg FSH receptors on GCs
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6
Q

Role of inhibin in estradiol production

A
  • acts on theca interna (paracrine)

- assists LH in stim of androstenedione synthesis

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7
Q

Role of gap junctions

A

Allow bidirectional communication between GCs and ooctye

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8
Q

Role of cortical granules

A
  • contain proteases
  • released after fertilization
  • causes cross linking of ZP proteins
  • prevents entry of other spermatozoa
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9
Q

Role of ooctye maturation inhibitor

A

Inhibits ooctye maturation and meiosis

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10
Q

Role of maturation promoting factor

A
  • induces completion of meiosis 1

- first polar body formed in perivitilline space

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11
Q

Role of c-kit ligand

A

Binds to c-kit receptor on ooctye surface

- needed for follicular development

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12
Q

Role of GDF9 and BMP15

A

Maintain integrity of oophorus and maximize fertility

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13
Q

Actions of LH surge on Graafian follicle

A
  • stops est production
  • initiates meiosis 2 (blocks OMI)
  • increases local prostaglandin production (follicle swelling)
  • leutenises cells after ovulation
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14
Q

What do theca lutein cells produce?

A

Progesterone and androstenedione

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15
Q

Formation of atretic follicles

A
  • delamination of granulosa cells
  • collapse and resorption
  • GCs show pyknotic nuclei and apoptotic bodies
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16
Q

Type of epithelium of uterine wall

A

Simple columnar (ciliated)

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17
Q

Risks of transformation zone

A
  • nabothian cysts from secretion in blocked glands
  • dysplasia
  • carcinoma
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18
Q

When is another ectropion formed?

A

During parturition

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19
Q

What phase are primary oocytes in primordial and primary follicles arrested in?

A

Prophase 1

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20
Q

Role of FSH in estradiol synthesis

A

Acts on GCs by increasing aroma tsar activity

- also increases expression of inhibin by GCs

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21
Q

How is vaginal acidic PH maintained?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid by lactobacilli

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22
Q

How is the vaginal surface lubricated?

A
  • from uterine, endo cervical glands and mucous glands in the vestibule
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23
Q

Characteristics of acidophillic cells in Pap smear

A
  • fully differentiated
  • pyknotic nuclei
  • pink cytoplasm
  • abundant at ovulation
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24
Characteristics of basophillic cells in Pap smear
- from deep layers - more plump nuclei - green/ blue cytoplasm - abundant post ovulating
25
Functions of oviduct
- peristaltic action assists movement of oocyte - site of fertilization - resorts fluids/ underutilized oocytes - secretions assist capacitation of spermatozoa and provide nutrients for ovum and morula
26
Actions of oral contraceptive pill
- inhibits synthesis and secretion of FSH (inhibits follicle maturation) - inhibits LH surge (prevents ovulation) - cervical mucous thickness to prevent spermatozoa entry - endometrium - thin (prevents implantation) - alters uterine tubes (reduces efficacy of movement of ovum towards uterus)
27
Role of oestrogen a
- numerous effects on genital tract - increased bone deposition - cardiac protection - modulates actions of E - and NE - LH surges associated with hot flushes
28
3 patterns of secretory cell arrangement
- cords - clusters - hollow follicles
29
2 vascular systems of the pancreas
- insuloacinar portal system | - acinar vascular system
30
Role of pancreatic polypeptide
- inhibits somatostatin secretion
31
3 levels of islet cell regulation
- neural (innervation of wall of arterioles) - paracrine (somatostatin) - autocrine (glutamate)
32
Embryological development of the pituitary
- posterior pituitary derived from the down growth of the primitive diencephalon - anterior pituitary derived from up growth of primitive oral epithelium
33
Acidophils found in the anterior pituitary
- somatotrophs (GH/ somatotropin) | - lactotroph (prolactin)
34
Basophils in the anterior pituitary
- gonadotrophs (FSH and LH) - thyrotrophs (TSH) - corticotrophs (ACTH)
35
Things found in posterior pituitary
- axons - pituicytes - fenestrated capillaries
36
From what is ADH secreted?
Supra optic nerve
37
From what is oxytocin secreted?
Para ventricular nucleus
38
Which cells produce thyroid hormone?
Principle/ follicle cells
39
Role of calcitonin
Suppresses calcium resorption from bone
40
Where are parathyroid glands found?
Between fibrous capsules within thyroid
41
Functional cells of the parathyroid gland
- chief cells (PTH) | - oxyphil cells (abundant mitochondria)
42
Where does PTH act?
Bone - resorts Ca Uriniferous tubules - stim resorption of Ca - activates vit D production
43
What types of cells found in adrenal medulla?
Modified sympathetic post ganglionic neurones (derived from neural crest)
44
Blood supply of adrenal medulla
- direct feed from capsule | - other percolated through cortex carrying glucocorticoids required for conversion of NE to E
45
What happens in oestrogen withdrawal?
- vasomotor disturbances - atrophy of vaginal epithelium - decrease in vaginal secretions - decrease in circulation to vagina and uterus - pelvic relaxation
46
Alternative sources of estrogen in menopause
- androgens from adrenal cortex | - adipose tissue
47
Proteins secreted by decidual cells
- BMP2 - BMP7 - FGF2 - Wnt4 - HH proteins
48
What allows penetration of embryo?
Desmosomes
49
Difference between primary and secondary villus
In secondary villus, extra embryonic mesoderm is present
50
Role of cytotrophoblasts
- syncytiotrophoblast precursor - anchoring (fibrinoid glue) - invasive (proteolytic enzymes)
51
Characteristics of syncytiotrophoblast layer
- fused cell layer - post mitotic - thins during pregnancy
52
Where do invading cytotrophoblasts insert?
Into spiral artery walls (regulate blood flow)
53
Possible problems with poor invasion of cytotrophoblasts
Early-mid gestation - spontaneous abortion - pre-eclampsia - eclampsia - inter uterine growth retardation
54
Role of decidual cells in luteal phase
- differentiate from endometrial stromal cells | - secrete decidual prolactin (GF for developing corpus lutuem)
55
Role of decidual cells after implantation
- modulate trophoblast invasion - provide nutrients for implanted blastocyst and embryo - role in preventing immune reaction to embryo - secretes relaxin - secretes prostaglandin - secretes IGF- binding protein (prevents endometrial gland prolif)
56
List placental hormones
- progesterone - placental lactogen - relaxin - placental PTH-RP
57
How decidua immuno-protects
- decidual cells secrete prostaglandin (inhibit activation of NK cells) - infiltrating leukocytes secrete IL2 (prevents maternal rejection of implanted embryo)
58
How chorionic villi cause immuno-protection
- syncytiotrophoblasts don't express MHC class 2 (don't present antigens to maternal CD4) - cytotrophoblasts secrete FAS ligand (target NK cells) - hofbauer cells pagocytose pathogens
59
Effects of pregnancy of maternal physiology
- increased alveolar respiration - increased maternal blood volume - increased nutritional requirements - increased GFR - increased uterus size - mammary gland growth and development
60
Type of secretion in mammary glands
Modified apocrine
61
Contents of mammary gland lobule
- terminal inter lobular ductules - myoepithelial cells - intra lobular fibrocollagenous tissue
62
What happens to mammary glands in pregnancy?
- epithelial hypertrophy - more secretory vesicles - lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils in stroma
63
Contents of colostrum
- proteins - lactose - antibodies
64
Role of placental estrogen
Develops ducts and glands
65
Role of placental progesterone
Develops glands (acinar)
66
What inhibits lactation during pregnancy?
High levels of estrogen
67
What initiates lactation?
- rise in cortisol (induces enzymes for synthesis) | - rapid decline in estrogen (stim maternal prolactin secretion)
68
Control of prolactin secretion
- hypothal secretes dopamine (inhibits prolactin) | - suckling has negative effect on dopamine
69
How is lactation birth control
- high levels of prolactin suppress GnRH and FSH
70
Other roles for oxytocin
- pair bonding - maternal behavior - admin to autism patients increases brain activity - healing and pain relief - weight control - reduces stress - improves digestion

March Exams (14 decks)

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