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March Exams > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Contents of cortex

A
  • layer of dense fibrous tissue below epithelium
  • resting follicles
  • maturing follicles
  • atretic follicles
  • fibrous stroma
  • corpus lutuem
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1
Q

What lines outer cortex of ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium (mesothelium)

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2
Q

Contents of ovary medulla

A
  • fibrous stroma
  • interstitial cells (similar to leydig)
  • nerve fibers (assoc with arteries with myofibroblast like stromal cells)
  • blood vessels (arteries helicine)
  • lymohatic vessels
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3
Q

What is found in liquor folliculi?

A
  • hyaluronate
  • steroids
  • growth factors
  • gonadotropins
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4
Q

When is the dominant follicle determined?

A

Day 7

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5
Q

Role of activin in estradiol production

A
  • secreted by GCs
  • acts in autocrine fashion on GCs
  • upreg FSH receptors on GCs
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6
Q

Role of inhibin in estradiol production

A
  • acts on theca interna (paracrine)

- assists LH in stim of androstenedione synthesis

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7
Q

Role of gap junctions

A

Allow bidirectional communication between GCs and ooctye

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8
Q

Role of cortical granules

A
  • contain proteases
  • released after fertilization
  • causes cross linking of ZP proteins
  • prevents entry of other spermatozoa
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9
Q

Role of ooctye maturation inhibitor

A

Inhibits ooctye maturation and meiosis

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10
Q

Role of maturation promoting factor

A
  • induces completion of meiosis 1

- first polar body formed in perivitilline space

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11
Q

Role of c-kit ligand

A

Binds to c-kit receptor on ooctye surface

- needed for follicular development

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12
Q

Role of GDF9 and BMP15

A

Maintain integrity of oophorus and maximize fertility

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13
Q

Actions of LH surge on Graafian follicle

A
  • stops est production
  • initiates meiosis 2 (blocks OMI)
  • increases local prostaglandin production (follicle swelling)
  • leutenises cells after ovulation
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14
Q

What do theca lutein cells produce?

A

Progesterone and androstenedione

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15
Q

Formation of atretic follicles

A
  • delamination of granulosa cells
  • collapse and resorption
  • GCs show pyknotic nuclei and apoptotic bodies
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16
Q

Type of epithelium of uterine wall

A

Simple columnar (ciliated)

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17
Q

Risks of transformation zone

A
  • nabothian cysts from secretion in blocked glands
  • dysplasia
  • carcinoma
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18
Q

When is another ectropion formed?

A

During parturition

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19
Q

What phase are primary oocytes in primordial and primary follicles arrested in?

A

Prophase 1

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20
Q

Role of FSH in estradiol synthesis

A

Acts on GCs by increasing aroma tsar activity

- also increases expression of inhibin by GCs

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21
Q

How is vaginal acidic PH maintained?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid by lactobacilli

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22
Q

How is the vaginal surface lubricated?

A
  • from uterine, endo cervical glands and mucous glands in the vestibule
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23
Q

Characteristics of acidophillic cells in Pap smear

A
  • fully differentiated
  • pyknotic nuclei
  • pink cytoplasm
  • abundant at ovulation
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24
Q

Characteristics of basophillic cells in Pap smear

A
  • from deep layers
  • more plump nuclei
  • green/ blue cytoplasm
  • abundant post ovulating
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25
Q

Functions of oviduct

A
  • peristaltic action assists movement of oocyte
  • site of fertilization
  • resorts fluids/ underutilized oocytes
  • secretions assist capacitation of spermatozoa and provide nutrients for ovum and morula
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26
Q

Actions of oral contraceptive pill

A
  • inhibits synthesis and secretion of FSH (inhibits follicle maturation)
  • inhibits LH surge (prevents ovulation)
  • cervical mucous thickness to prevent spermatozoa entry
  • endometrium - thin (prevents implantation)
  • alters uterine tubes (reduces efficacy of movement of ovum towards uterus)
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27
Q

Role of oestrogen a

A
  • numerous effects on genital tract
  • increased bone deposition
  • cardiac protection
  • modulates actions of E - and NE
  • LH surges associated with hot flushes
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28
Q

3 patterns of secretory cell arrangement

A
  • cords
  • clusters
  • hollow follicles
29
Q

2 vascular systems of the pancreas

A
  • insuloacinar portal system

- acinar vascular system

30
Q

Role of pancreatic polypeptide

A
  • inhibits somatostatin secretion
31
Q

3 levels of islet cell regulation

A
  • neural (innervation of wall of arterioles)
  • paracrine (somatostatin)
  • autocrine (glutamate)
32
Q

Embryological development of the pituitary

A
  • posterior pituitary derived from the down growth of the primitive diencephalon
  • anterior pituitary derived from up growth of primitive oral epithelium
33
Q

Acidophils found in the anterior pituitary

A
  • somatotrophs (GH/ somatotropin)

- lactotroph (prolactin)

34
Q

Basophils in the anterior pituitary

A
  • gonadotrophs (FSH and LH)
  • thyrotrophs (TSH)
  • corticotrophs (ACTH)
35
Q

Things found in posterior pituitary

A
  • axons
  • pituicytes
  • fenestrated capillaries
36
Q

From what is ADH secreted?

A

Supra optic nerve

37
Q

From what is oxytocin secreted?

A

Para ventricular nucleus

38
Q

Which cells produce thyroid hormone?

A

Principle/ follicle cells

39
Q

Role of calcitonin

A

Suppresses calcium resorption from bone

40
Q

Where are parathyroid glands found?

A

Between fibrous capsules within thyroid

41
Q

Functional cells of the parathyroid gland

A
  • chief cells (PTH)

- oxyphil cells (abundant mitochondria)

42
Q

Where does PTH act?

A

Bone
- resorts Ca

Uriniferous tubules

  • stim resorption of Ca
  • activates vit D production
43
Q

What types of cells found in adrenal medulla?

A

Modified sympathetic post ganglionic neurones (derived from neural crest)

44
Q

Blood supply of adrenal medulla

A
  • direct feed from capsule

- other percolated through cortex carrying glucocorticoids required for conversion of NE to E

45
Q

What happens in oestrogen withdrawal?

A
  • vasomotor disturbances
  • atrophy of vaginal epithelium
  • decrease in vaginal secretions
  • decrease in circulation to vagina and uterus
  • pelvic relaxation
46
Q

Alternative sources of estrogen in menopause

A
  • androgens from adrenal cortex

- adipose tissue

47
Q

Proteins secreted by decidual cells

A
  • BMP2
  • BMP7
  • FGF2
  • Wnt4
  • HH proteins
48
Q

What allows penetration of embryo?

A

Desmosomes

49
Q

Difference between primary and secondary villus

A

In secondary villus, extra embryonic mesoderm is present

50
Q

Role of cytotrophoblasts

A
  • syncytiotrophoblast precursor
  • anchoring (fibrinoid glue)
  • invasive (proteolytic enzymes)
51
Q

Characteristics of syncytiotrophoblast layer

A
  • fused cell layer
  • post mitotic
  • thins during pregnancy
52
Q

Where do invading cytotrophoblasts insert?

A

Into spiral artery walls (regulate blood flow)

53
Q

Possible problems with poor invasion of cytotrophoblasts

A

Early-mid gestation

  • spontaneous abortion
  • pre-eclampsia
  • eclampsia
  • inter uterine growth retardation
54
Q

Role of decidual cells in luteal phase

A
  • differentiate from endometrial stromal cells

- secrete decidual prolactin (GF for developing corpus lutuem)

55
Q

Role of decidual cells after implantation

A
  • modulate trophoblast invasion
  • provide nutrients for implanted blastocyst and embryo
  • role in preventing immune reaction to embryo
  • secretes relaxin
  • secretes prostaglandin
  • secretes IGF- binding protein (prevents endometrial gland prolif)
56
Q

List placental hormones

A
  • progesterone
  • placental lactogen
  • relaxin
  • placental PTH-RP
57
Q

How decidua immuno-protects

A
  • decidual cells secrete prostaglandin (inhibit activation of NK cells)
  • infiltrating leukocytes secrete IL2 (prevents maternal rejection of implanted embryo)
58
Q

How chorionic villi cause immuno-protection

A
  • syncytiotrophoblasts don’t express MHC class 2 (don’t present antigens to maternal CD4)
  • cytotrophoblasts secrete FAS ligand (target NK cells)
  • hofbauer cells pagocytose pathogens
59
Q

Effects of pregnancy of maternal physiology

A
  • increased alveolar respiration
  • increased maternal blood volume
  • increased nutritional requirements
  • increased GFR
  • increased uterus size
  • mammary gland growth and development
60
Q

Type of secretion in mammary glands

A

Modified apocrine

61
Q

Contents of mammary gland lobule

A
  • terminal inter lobular ductules
  • myoepithelial cells
  • intra lobular fibrocollagenous tissue
62
Q

What happens to mammary glands in pregnancy?

A
  • epithelial hypertrophy
  • more secretory vesicles
  • lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils in stroma
63
Q

Contents of colostrum

A
  • proteins
  • lactose
  • antibodies
64
Q

Role of placental estrogen

A

Develops ducts and glands

65
Q

Role of placental progesterone

A

Develops glands (acinar)

66
Q

What inhibits lactation during pregnancy?

A

High levels of estrogen

67
Q

What initiates lactation?

A
  • rise in cortisol (induces enzymes for synthesis)

- rapid decline in estrogen (stim maternal prolactin secretion)

68
Q

Control of prolactin secretion

A
  • hypothal secretes dopamine (inhibits prolactin)

- suckling has negative effect on dopamine

69
Q

How is lactation birth control

A
  • high levels of prolactin suppress GnRH and FSH
70
Q

Other roles for oxytocin

A
  • pair bonding
  • maternal behavior
  • admin to autism patients increases brain activity
  • healing and pain relief
  • weight control
  • reduces stress
  • improves digestion

March Exams (14 decks)

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