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MSKD week 3 > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

territorial vs inter-territorial matrix:

A

territorial - immediately surrounding isogenous groups

inter-territorial - between isogenous groups

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2
Q

do chondrocytes have lacunae?

A

yes, but they are artifact

2 chondrocytes can occupy 1 lacunae

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3
Q

cartilage characteristics:

A

avascular
connective tissue
low proliferation
chondrocytes found in lacunae
may/may not have a perichondrium
different functions/different types

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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5
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

ears, nose, aorta, epliglottis

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6
Q

where is fibrous cartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

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7
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

costal cartilage, articular joint cartilage

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8
Q

which cartilages have a perichondrium?

A

elastic and hyaline (but not in joints)

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9
Q

what is the lacunar rim?

A

inner layer of the territorial matrix
consists of loose collagen fibrils

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10
Q

what is the territorial matrix composed of?

A

randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils surrounded by proteoglycans

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11
Q

appositional vs interstitial growth

A

appositional
-growth from surface perichondrium cells
-mesenchymal cells/fibroblasts –> chondroblasts –> chondrocytes
-chondroblasts secrete matrix and become surrounded, becoming chondrocytes

interstitial
-growth from within the cartilage matrix
-chondrocytes divide - isogenous groups formed
-territorial and inter-territorial matrix

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12
Q

what type of collagen in ECM of elastic and hyaline cartilage?

A

type II

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13
Q

what type of collagen in ECM of fibrocartilage?

A

type I

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14
Q

which cartilages have a perichondrium?

A

elastic and hyaline (unless its a joint)

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15
Q

core protein of all cartilage proteoglycans?

A

aggregan

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16
Q

what are the 2 glycosaminoglycans of cartilage proteoglycans?

A

keratan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate

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17
Q

what molecule are the core proteins attached to?

A

hyaluronic acid

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18
Q

describe bone composition:

A

organic (35%) - collagen
inorganic (65%) - hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphorus)

19
Q

what part of bone lends more flexibility?

A

organic collagen

(mineralized/hydroxyapatite bone provides rigidity, i.e in ear ossicles)

20
Q

2 parts of bone:

A

cortical bone
-compact
-lamellar
-provides strength and rigidity, supports weight

cancellous
-trabecular
-spongy
-ion homeostasis

21
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

fibrous outer surface of bone
does not cover joint surfaces or tendon/ligament insertions
vascularized - inner layer contains osteoprogenitor cells

22
Q

where does the spongy bone end and bone marrow begin?

A

at edge of metaphysis and diaphysis (shaft)

23
Q

where is the growth plate located?

A

in between the metaphysis and epiphysis

contains hyaline cartilage

24
Q

what is the bone sandwich?

A

periosteum –> bone –> endosteum

25
Q

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

outer fibrous
-sharpey’s fibers extend into cortical bone
-outside connects to tendons/ligaments

inner cellular (cambrium)
-deep to fibrous
-contains osteoprogenitor cells
-can differentiate into osteoblasts to produce new bone

26
Q

what are lacunae?

A

“lakes” that the osteocytes sit in

27
Q

what are canniculi?

A

projections that connect lacunae so that osteocytes can interact with each other

28
Q

describe the anatomy of the trabeculae?

A

endosteum covering (old osteoblasts)
functional osteoblasts line outside
osteoid underneath osteoblasts (new unmineralized bone that needs to be mineralized/matured)
osteocytes in lacunae with canniculi

29
Q

where are the 2 places that osteoprogenitor cells are found?

A

inner layer of peristeum (periosteal cells)
endosteum of trabeculae (endosteal cells)

30
Q

osteoblasts on a histology slide:

A

-polar cell with single nucleus
-nucleus points away from working surface
cuboidal in shape
-basophilic stain with eosinophilic mineralized bone beneath it
-prominent golgi and ER

form a border around the trabeculae

31
Q

describe an osteocyte:

A

-osteoblast that gets trapped in osteoid
-does not divide (no isogenic groups)
-in lacunae w/ canniculi
-connected via gap junctions
-can’t differentiate back
-function as a network of sensory cells, control bone formation/resorption/homeostasis

die and form microcracks –> leads to remodeling

32
Q

appearance of inactive osteoblasts:

A

thin, elongated cells
inactive osteoblasts on bone surface that is not currently remodeling

33
Q

osteoclast origin:

A

hematopoetic
formed from aggregated monocytes
therefore, multi-nucleate

34
Q

osteoclast categorization:

A

polar cell
multiple nuclei point away from working surface
large compared to osteoblast
vesicles (H+/hydrolytic enzymes)

white space underneath on histo –> “eaten bone”

35
Q

osteoclasts vs megakaryocytes

A

osteoclasts have distinct, numerous nuclei whereas megakaryocytes have one nucleus with numerous nodules

36
Q

2 types of bone ossification:

A

echondral and intermembranous

37
Q

what bones undergo intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones (i.e. skull, sternum)
within a vascularized embryonic mesenchyme

NOT the appendicular skeleton

38
Q

intramembranous ossification steps:

A
  1. mesenchymal cells aggregate without a cartilage intermediate (Wnt, Shh, growth factors)
  2. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts (bone blastema)
  3. osteoblasts deposit osteoid. calcium from the blood vessel is used in the mineralization process –> primary bone tissue formed
38
Q

intramembranous ossification steps:

A
  1. mesenchymal cells aggregate without a cartilage intermediate (Wnt, Shh, growth factors)
  2. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts (bone blastema)
  3. osteoblasts deposit osteoid. calcium from the blood vessel is used in the mineralization process –> primary bone tissue formed
39
Q

echondral ossification steps:

A

….

40
Q

what collagen do hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete?

A

collagen type X

41
Q

what collagen do proliferating chondrocytes secrete?

A

colagen type II

42
Q

what induces vascular invasion and osteoprogenitor recruitment?

A

VEGF

43
Q

what induces PTH expression and bone collar formation?

A

Ihh

MSKD week 3 (9 decks)

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