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Foundations Exam 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what do hematoxylin and eosin stain, respectively

A

hematoxylin (blue, basic) - nuclei acids in nuclei and ribosomes

eosin (pink, acidic) - cytoplasm, collagen, RBC

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2
Q

can you see plasma membrane with LM?

A

no

appears trilaminar in EM

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3
Q

how do ribosomes stain with H&E in LM

A

blue-purple

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4
Q

how does SER stain in LM

A

eosinophilic (pink)

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5
Q

can you see golgi with LM

A

no - need special prep

looks like stack of pancake membranes in EM

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6
Q

can you see secretory vesicles in LM

A

yes - dark pink granules

in EM look like dark membrane-bound vesicles of different sizes

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7
Q

can you see mitochondria with LM

A

no

CAN be seen with EM

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8
Q

can you see cytoskeleton with LM

A

no

can be seen with EM
microtubules largest, intermediate filaments, microfilaments (actin) smallest

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9
Q

how do microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments appear in EM

A

microfilaments (actin) - lines or dots - microvilli, stereocilia, cytokinesis

microtubules - tubes or open circles (depending on direction of cut) - cilia, flagella, centrioles, mitotic spindles, transport

intermediate filaments - lines

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10
Q

how does glycogen appear in LM

A

magenta/red (stained with PAS)

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11
Q

how do melanin, lipofuscin (aging pigment) and hemosiderin (RBC breakdown) appear in LM

A

shades of brown

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12
Q

can routine H&E depict glycogen or lipid

A

no - needs special prep

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13
Q

cells with lots of mitochondria stain more ___

A

eosinophilic (but can’t make out mitochondria on LM, need EM)

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14
Q

which germ layer does epithelia originate from

A

all 3

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15
Q

paracrine vs endocrine secretion

A

paracrine - neighboring cell

endocrine - through bloodstream to farther away

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16
Q

serous vs mucous secretion

A

serous: zymogen granules with enzymes, proteins, sweat, water

mucous: glycoproteins, lubrication, barrier

*note that some glands are mixed, and contain serous demilunes

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17
Q

what kind of gland secretion contains sweat

A

serous secretion

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18
Q

what kind of gland secretion is for lubrication and protection

A

mucous secretion

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19
Q

merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine uses

A

merocrine: exocitosis (parotid, pancreas, eccrine sweat glands)

apocrine: axilla, lactating mammary

holocrine: oily sebum from sebaceous glands

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20
Q

what method of secretion is used to release oily sebum from sebaceous glands of skin

A

holocrine

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21
Q

what is most common form of gland secretion for exocytosis by parotid, pancreas, and eccrine sweat glands?

A

merocrine

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22
Q

what method of secretion is used by axilla and lactating mammary

A

apocrine

23
Q

which stains darker with H&E, exocrine or endocrine tissue?

A

exocrine stains darker (dark pink)

endocrine is light pink

24
Q

parenchyma

A

glandular epithelial cells of gland (connective tissue makes up stroma)

25
Q

terminal bar seen in ___ = junctional complex seen in ____

A

LM - terminal bar
EM - junctional complex

(zonula occludins/ tight junctions, zonula adherens/ belt desmosomes, macula adherens/ spot desmosomes)

26
Q

how are nutrients supplied to epithelia

A

diffusion - epithelia is AVASCULAR

27
Q

carcinomas

A

malignant tumors of epithelia

28
Q

functions of simple squamous epithelium (5)

A

diffusion, filtration, fluid transport, gas exchange, lubrication

29
Q

what kind of tissue lines vessels (specifically)

A

simple squamous - referred to as endothelium in vessels

endothelial cel dysfunction plays a key role in atherosclerosis

30
Q

what kind of tissue makes up mesothelium (serosa - pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

A

simple squamous epithelium

mesothelium - lines organ cavities

serous fluid reduces friction

31
Q

what type of tissue (specifically) makes up Bowman’s capsule and loop of Henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

32
Q

what kind of tissue (specifically) makes up lung alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium - for easy gas exchange

33
Q

this type of tissue is found in small glandular ducts, kidney tubules, and follicular cells of thyroid

A

simple cuboidal epithelium - for secretion and absorption

hyperthyroidism exhibits tall follicular cells, hypothyroidism exhibits flat follicular cells

34
Q

this type of tissue is found in large ducts of some glands, most of digestive tract, gallbladder, nasal sinuses and small bronchi, oviducts and uterus, and ductuli efferents of testis. what is?

A

simple columnar epithelium - function in absorption, secretion, protection, transportation

many have apical cell surface modifications (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia)

35
Q

how do microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, and flagella appear in imaging

A

actin core:
microvilli - finger-like projections (brush-border)
stereocilia - long, immobile microvilli (whispy)

microtubule core:
cilia - hair-like exentsions (short hair)
flagella - single, long cilia

36
Q

where are keratinized and nonkeratinzied stratified squamous epithelium found, respectively

A

keratinized - skin

nonkeratinized - mouth, epiglottis, vocal cords, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

*protection and prevents dehydration

37
Q

where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

ducts of eccrine sweat glands and mammary glands

38
Q

where can you find stratified columnar epithelium

A

large excretory ducts, parts of male urethra, pharynx, salivary glands, mammary glands (NOT ducts), conjunctiva of eye

*apical layer with differentiated cells, mitotic basal layer with nondifferentiated cells

39
Q

the nasal cavity, trachea, primary bronchi,
auditory tube,
epididymus, ductus/vas deferens, and male urethra
are made of what type of tissue

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

*absorption, secretion, transportation via cilia, lubrication (via goblet cells), protection

40
Q

where can transitional epithelium be found

A

aka uroepithelium - protection and distensibility

lines urinary system - renal calyces, ureters, bladder, urethra

*can be binucleated

41
Q

on what cells will you find stereocilia?

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium ONLY

42
Q

what kind of cells will have basophilic cytoplasm?

A

cells actively synthesizing proteins for export (large amounts of RNA in their cytoplasm)

43
Q

what is the diameter of an erythrocyte

A

7.7um

44
Q

what kind of cells have multiple and larger nucleoli?

A

cells that are actively growing and dividing

nucleoli are involved in activation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors

45
Q

cilia is made of a core of microtubules in what arrangement?

A

9 + 2 rule
9 doublets and 1 center doublet

(remember that centrioles are 9 triplets)

46
Q

Type XVII collagen, laminin 5, and fibronectin can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

A

lamina lucida

47
Q

type IV collagen, laminin 1, and perclecan can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

A

lamina densa

48
Q

type I, III, and VII collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

A

lamina reticularis

49
Q

T/F: you will never find cilia or stereocilia at the cell surface of stratified epithelium

A

TRUE

50
Q

the core of microvilli is made of

A

actin

(also the core of stereocilia)

51
Q

how can you distinguish cartilage and bone?
a. chondrocyte cytoplasmic extensions allow for communication within small channels in the matrix
b. cartilage matrix stains basophilic, bone matrix stains eosinophilic
c. all bone exhibits Haversian systems. Cartilage does not exhibit Haversian systems

A

b. cartilage stains basophilic, bone stains eosinophilic

cartilage is avascular, bone is vascular

mineralized matrix of bone is layered as lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae that communicate via canaliculi

both compact and spongy bone have lamellae and canaliculi BUT
only compact bone has Haversian systems

52
Q

what granules do mast cells contain

A

heparin (anticoagulant), serotonin (vasoconstrictor), histamine (vasodilation and vascular leakage)

53
Q

what kind of cartilage is found in symphyses, tendons insertion on bones, and articular discs in joints?

A

fibrocartilage

chondrocytes are arranged in rows with prominent bundles of type I collagen in between rows. NO perichondrium (because it is between hyaline cartilages)

in symphyses (pubic, sternal angle, and intervertebral discs) it is sandwiched between two layers of hyaline cartilage

Foundations Exam 1 (33 decks)

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