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Foundations Exam 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how does the ratio of cells to ECM compare in epithelium vs connective?

A

connective tissue (stroma) has relatively few cells, large amount of intercellular material (ECM)

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2
Q

what are the 2 components of the ECM (histology)

A

fibers (collagen, elastin) and ground substance (ex, proteoglycans)

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3
Q

what cell of connective tissue produces BOTH fibers and ground substance

A

fibroblast

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4
Q

superficial fascia is made of

A

loose irregular connective

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5
Q

tendons and ligaments are made of

A

dense regular connective

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6
Q

tendons vs ligaments

A

tendons: muscle to bone, mostly collagen (don’t want tendons to stretch)

ligaments: bone to bone, more elastic fibers (want ability to return to original shape)

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7
Q

where are reticular fibers found?

A

endomysium (surrounding individual myocytes), endoneurium (nerve fibers), support lymphoid tissue

fine fibers

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8
Q

the _____ properties of ground substance in loose connective tissue enable it to resist compression

A

polyanionic properties - abundance of negatively charged molecules, enable ground substance to hold in Na+ and water to resist compression

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9
Q

the hypodermis is what kind of connective tissue

A

superficial fascia, loose (areolar) connective tissue

functions mostly as packing material

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10
Q

usually in sheathes surrounding skeletal muscles from their origins to insertions, or in sheets partitioning skeletal muscles, these tissues are involved in force transmission. What is this type?

A

deep fascia - dense, fibrous connective tissue

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11
Q

function of superficial fascia vs deep fascia

A

superficial fascia - packing material

deep fascia - involved in force transmission and venous return (in lower extremities)

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12
Q

how does turnover of dead components of connective tissue, fibers, and ground substance occur?

A

components are degraded by macrophages, replaced by fibroblasts (slowly, so healing of tendons and ligaments takes time)

fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells have great capacity to proliferate in response to injury

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13
Q

what are the physical/cellular features of fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

A

produces components of ECM (BOTH fibers and ground substance)

  • well-developed RER and Golgi
  • fusiform, long, tapered
  • central nucleus, prominent nucleolus
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14
Q

how do identify mesenchymal cell in EM

A

undifferentiated cell that retains potential to develop into fibroblasts, smooth muscle cell, adipocytes, others

large nucleus with scant cytoplasm

it’s the cell that doesn’t really look like anything (can’t really see any organelles)

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15
Q

appearance of white vs brown adipose tissue

A

white: energy storage and protection, one large fat droplet inclusion

brown: thermogenesis and energy consumption, lots of mitochondria and multiple small fat droplet inclusions

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16
Q

diapedisis =

A

extravasation

WBC moves through endothelium to enter connective tissue

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17
Q

role of macrophage

A

begin as monocyte, becomes macrophage once it leaves bloodstream and enters connective tissue

functions: phagocytosis, APC (antigen presenting), forms mononuclear phagocyte system

organ specific forms: Kupffer (liver), alveolar dust cells (lungs), microglia (brain), etc

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18
Q

what do mast cells contain

A

secretory granules contains vasoactive substances (histamine)

*if it’s got granules you can see, it’s a mast cell (all other granulocytes have granules that are too small to see)

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19
Q

large collections of lymphocytes are found in the ______ of the respiratory and GI tract

A

lamina propria - sub-epithelial connective tissue

*lymphocytes appear as mostly nucleus with a little bit of cytoplasm

20
Q

B lymphocytes are stimulated to become _____, which produce antibodies

A

plasma cells

in LM, have basophilic cytoplasm (RER), lightly stained Golgi, snowflake shaped heterochromatin in nucleus

21
Q

function of eosinophils and appearance in imaging

A

phagocytosis in response to parasitic infections

LM: stain bright orange-red with eosin when in circulation, nucleus has 2-3 lobes

EM: granules have hamburger or football shape

22
Q

function and appearance of neutrophils

A

“first responders” of inflammation, function in phagocytosis, exude cellular compartments to form NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps) to engulf microbes

nucleus has 3-5 lobes, small cytoplasmic granules

23
Q

match:
cornea or dermis

dense regular or irregular connective tissue

A

corner - regular dense connective

dermis - irregular dense connective

24
Q

what type of collagen is found in reticular fibers

A

type III

25
Q

____ are found in wall of arteries

A

elastic fibers (why artery walls look squiggly)

26
Q

how does cartilage become bone

A

TRICK question: cartilage does NOT become bone, it is REPLACED by bone

if matrix of cartilage calcifies, cells are cut off form nutrient (by diffusion) and die

27
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline: end of long bones, end of ribs, nose

elastic: where return to shape after stretching is important (ex - epiglottis, external ear)

fibrocartilage: where strength is important (intervertebral discs, meniscus of knee, disc of temporomandibular joint)

28
Q

chondroblasts (immature chondrocytes) produce ECM and eventually settle to reside in _____

A

chondroblasts are known as chondrocytes once they are surrounded by ECM and reside in lacuna

29
Q

ECM of cartilage is composed of ______ which draws water and makes it resistant to compression

A

cartilage proteoglycan GAGs make gourd substance polyanionic - negatively charged, which attracts Na+ and after follows

liquids cannot be compressed, making cartilage resistant

30
Q

explain the 2 ways cartilage can grow

A
  1. appositional growth: at periphery (chondrogenic cells divide)
  2. interstitial growth: at interior of cartilage (chondrocytes divide)

*however, cartilage is nourished by diffusion so growth is limited

31
Q

what important ions are found in bone

A

Calcium (most of body’s Ca2+ is in bone), PO4-

32
Q

compact vs spongy bone

A

compact/dense/cortical bone: outer weight-bearing portion (makes up most of appendicular/limb skeleton), mostly calcified

spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone: honeycomb shaped trabeculae, forms inner regino of bones, contains bone marrow (axial skeleton - ribs and vertebrae - has higher proportion)

33
Q

what kind of bone has trabeculae

A

spongy/trabecular/cancellous

axial skeleton (ribs and vertebrae) has proportionally more than appendicular skeleton (limbs)

34
Q

when calcium is mobilized it comes from _____ bone first

A

cancellous/compact/dense bone

35
Q

what is the structure of long bone (top to bottom)

A

epiphysis at ends (closed epiphyseal growth plate)

spongy (cancellous bone) at metaphysis (inside epiphysis)

diaphysis (shaft) has compact bone and marrow cavity

36
Q

periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer

inner cellular layer - highly vascular, contains osteoprogenitor (stem) cells that give rise to osteoblasts

therefore periosteum has osteoprogenitor capacity

37
Q

endosteum is identical to ____ but found on the inner surfaces of bone

A

endosteum = periosteum, but on inner surface of bone

38
Q

how are bones vascular

A

Haversian system allows passage of blood vessels, lymphatics

39
Q

_____ allow blood vessels in bones to reach interior of bone

A

Volkman’s canal: in the Haversian system but perpendicular

40
Q

matrix of compact bone

A

lamellae

41
Q

lacuna vs lamellae vs canaliculi

A

Lacunae are small spaces in the lamellae. Lamellae act as the matrix of the compact bone. Lacunae act as an encase or hollow space for osteocytes or bone cells.

Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone.

42
Q

osteoclasts are derived from ______ progenitors

A

osteoclasts are derived from macrophage-monocyte cell series (NOT mesenchymal as osteoblasts/cytes are)

appear as large, multinucleate cells, found at edges of periosteum

remodel bone via decalcification, form depressions called Howship’s lacuna

43
Q

diarthrotic joints

A

aka synovial joints, provide freedom of motion

closed cavity lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

synovial membrane is only a few cells thick - NOT found on weight-bearing surfaces

44
Q

synovial fluid contains large amounts of _____ that makes it slippery

A

hyaluronic acid

45
Q

is articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) on the ends of long bones covered by perichondrium?

A

no

46
Q

____ are sacs filled with synovial fluid to provide friction-free movement and keep muscles and tendons from rubbing each other

A

bursa

47
Q

_______ are non-synovial articulations that are more stable and provide less freedom from movement

A

synarthroses: cartilaginous (symphyses) or fibrous (sutures)

Foundations Exam 1 (33 decks)

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