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MD1 GI - EXAM 1 > Histologie du tube digestif > Flashcards

Histologie du tube digestif Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of teeth?

A

Mastication et broyage

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2
Q

How many permanent teeth and how many baby teeth are there?

A

32 permanent and 20 baby teeth

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3
Q

What are the different parts of teeth?

A
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4
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is the tongue made of?

A

Épithélium stratifié non kératinisé which is covering:

  • Tissu musculaire (all directions to allow movement) —> skeletal (voluntary)
  • Fibroelastic conjunctive tissue
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5
Q

What is found between the faisceaux musculaires of the tongue?

A

Lobules graisseux

Glandes salivaires:

What kinds? (3)

  • Linguales antérieurs —> mixtes
  • Von Ebner —> séreuses
  • Linguales postérieures —> muqueuses
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6
Q

Histological cut of the tongue:

A
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7
Q

What are the two main types of papillae?

A
  1. Papilles calciformes —> taste buds
  2. Papilles fungiforme et filliforme —> touch and sensation
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8
Q

What are the principal salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submaxillary
  3. Sublingual
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9
Q

What kind of gland is the parotid gland?

A

séreuse —> secrete aqueous secretions rich in enzymes/proteins, generally central nucleus

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10
Q

What kind of gland is the submaxillary gland?

A

séromuqueuse —> serous and mucous mixed

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11
Q

What kind of gland is the sublingual gland?

A

muqueuse —> lipidic secretions that work as lubrification, basal nucleus

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12
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth

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13
Q

What is saliva?

A

Aqueous substance synthesized by serous glands (enzymes, antibodies, organic ions) and mucous glands (lubrification to facilitate food sliding down esophagus)

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14
Q

What are the three kinds of tonsils and what are their functions?

A
  1. Pharyngiennes
  2. Linguales
  3. Vélo-palatines
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15
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

Lymphatic tissue with important role in defence of the respiratory and digestive tract

Very prominent in childhood and get smaller as you get older starting in adolescence

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16
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A

10-15 mm long, made of membranous and muscular tissue, important role in swallowing and breathing

Covered in a épithélium pavimenteux stratifié non kératinisé with a muqueuse with a lot of muqueuse and séreuse glands, some striated skeletal muscles are present as well

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17
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Cartilaginous growth of the larynx covered on its forward-facing surface with digestive tissue and on the lower surface with respiratory tissue

Blocks the trachea when swallowing

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18
Q

What are the different zones of the digestive tract?

A

Cavité buccale, esophagus, stomach, small intestin, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus)

19
Q

How big is each zone and how long does it take for food to pass through?

A

Esophagus: 25 cm and 5-20 seconds

Stomach: 2.5L and 2-7 hours

Small intestine: 7-8 m and 7-8 hours

Colon: 1.5 m and 10-15 hours

20
Q

Image overview of the GI tract:

A
21
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Uppermost tube of the GI tract, connects pharynx to the cardia of the stomach

Allows for transport of liquid and solids to the stomach due to peristalsis

22
Q

What are the sphincters of the esophagus?

A

top: upper esophageal sphincter

bottom: no anatomical sphincter but a functional one

23
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A

No real intense physiological activity

Muqueuse: epithelium (pav. strat), chorion (lâche conjonctif), musculaire muqueuse (musc. lisse)

Sous-muqueuse: contains mucosa-type exocrine glands (lubrification)

Musculeuse: internal circular and external longitudinal

Adventice: lâche avec bcp. de substance fondamentale

24
Q

Histological cut of the esophagus:

A
25
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Muscular and glandular sac that is responsible for chemical and physical churning to form chyme

26
Q

What are the layers of the stomach?

A

Muqueuse: simp. prismatique epithelium, conjonctive tissue with lots of WBCs, thin musculature (musculaire lisse)

Sous-muqueuse: conjunctive tissue rich in fibroblasts that synthesize extracellular matrix, nervous cells and immune cells also present

Musculeuse: THREE LAYERS

  1. external longitudinal
  2. medial circular
  3. internal oblique

Séreuse: pav. simple epithelium on a thin layer of conj. lâche

27
Q

What are the crypts in the stomach for?

A

Small so that food can’t enter… contain 4 cell types with different endo and exocrine functions

28
Q

What are the 4 cell types found in the stomach?

A

Calciformes: goblet cells —> secrete mucous to protect stomach from acid

Principales: synthesis of gastric pepsin and lipase

Pariétales: secrete HCl

Endocrines (cellules G): secrete gastrin (stimulates HCl secretion) is inhibited by a low gastric pH

29
Q

What are the different parts of the stomach?

A
30
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Has many villosities and isolated lymphatic nodules (mostly in Ilium) or ones found in bunches (plaque de Peyer)

31
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine? (brief overview)

A

Muqueuse: absorbing epithelium

Chorion: full of exocrine glands

Sous-muqueuse: contains glandes de Brunner (protection (alcaline))

32
Q

What are the four main cell types in the small intestine?

A

Entérocytes: absorbing cells that digest and absorb nutrients

Calciformes: protect by secreting mucus

Cellules de Paneth: secrete proteinaceous secretions (lysosome)

Cellules endocrines: gastrine, serotonine

33
Q

What are the three different parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
34
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Simple prismatic epithelia with bordure en brosse (entérocytes and calciforme)

Chorion: tissue conj. lâche, with lots of WBCs and blood/lymphatic vessels, at its base

Sous muqueuse: glandes de Brunner which increase pH of the chyme that leaves the stomach

Musculaire: two layers of smooth muscle

External membrane is the péritoine

35
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Central part of the small intestine

Contains large villosités made of pris. simple epithelium with a lot of enterocytes and cellules calciformes

Sous-muqueuse: no glands

In the internal third part of the crypts, there are cellules de Paneth that protect against potential infection

36
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Smaller villosités and bunches of lymphatic cells (plaques de Peyer) in the chorion and sous-muqueuse

37
Q

What is the colon/large intestine?

A

Segment of the large intestine between the caecum and the rectum

1.5 m long and 4 cm diameter (volume is around 1.8 L)

38
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A
  1. Ascending (15cm)
  2. Transverse (50cm)
  3. Descending (25cm)
  4. Sigmoid (40cm)
39
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Absorption of water and storage

40
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. Caecum
  2. Colon (4 segments)
  3. Rectum
  4. Anal canal and anus
41
Q

Histological cut of the large intestin:

A
42
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Muqueuse: colique with some exocrine glands and sparse number of cellules de Paneth

Musculaire muqueuse: interrupted by lymphatic formations that protrude into the sous-muqueuse

Sous-muqueuse: rich in lymphocytes, plasmocytes, polynucleaires, and macrophages

Musculeuse: not very developed, 2 layers and some nervous system elements organized in plexuses

43
Q

Layers of the colon:

A

Musculeuse: two distinct layers of smooth muscle cells (circular internal and longitudinal external)… between these two layers, you’ll find plexus mysentériques

44
Q

What is the “zone colorectale”?

A

Terminal portion of the colon that transforms when it reaches the rectum (opening to anal canal)

The rectum: connects sigmoid colon to anal canal, has a muqueuse that forms “colonnes anales”

The anal canal: mostly the muscle releveur de l’anus and the external sphincter, 3-4cm long, Lieberkhüm crypts disappear and epithelium becomes more and more keratinous pav. strat.

Anus: terminal orifice of the GI tract

MD1 GI - EXAM 1 (15 decks)

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