Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 Exam 3 > Histo: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histo: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How is elastic fiber concentration related to diameter?

A

Inversely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which way do elastic fibers in the lamina propria run? What about elastic fibers in smooth muscle?

A

Longitudinally; circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. provides conduit to transfer air

2. conditions the air (cleans, moistens, warms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most predominate respiratory epithelium. Continues until respiratory portion.

A

Ciliated columnar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This cell type has mainly serous secretion

A

Columar cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

These cells synthesize mucinogen, and hydrate it to turn it into mucous. They trap and remove bacteria and particles, and continue until terminal bronchiole.

A

Mucous goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This cell type has no cilia, but many microvilli

A

Brush cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two types of brush cells

A
  1. one acts like a goblet cell and releases mucinogen

2. one has nerve endings on basal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This cell may be responsible for the sneeze reflex

A

Brush cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These cells are thought to control mucous and seromucous secretion. May control vessel diameter.

A

Small granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

These cells rest on the basement membrane and do not reach the lumen. In this way, they are considered pseudostratified. They are stem cells!

A

Basal cells or immature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

abnormal transformation of adult cells in a tissue
to a form which is not normal for that tissue. This
can be in response to a disease process, a physical,
or chemical event

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 changes in respiratory epithelium of a smoker

A
  1. increase in goblet cells due to pollutants

2. decrease in cilia due to CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anterior portion of the nasal cavity

A

Vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of mucosa in the nasal cavity

A
  1. respiratory

2. olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Venous plexus in lamina propria that enlarge alternately on two sides of nasal cavity (about every 30 minutes) giving mucosa on occluded side time to recover from desiccation and help to direct air to the olfactory epithelium

A

Swell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 things do plasma cells release in the lamina propria?

A

IgA and IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Discuss what happens with IgE

A

IgE binds to its receptors on mast cells and basophils, and causes the release of inflammation mediators of the mast cells and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: Nasal cavity provides a site for drug delivery since there is a convenient access to a superficial venous plexus beneath the nasal cavity mucosa

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are olfactory epithelium located?

A

On the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bipolar neurons whose apical surfaces are modified to form the olfactory vesicle and olfactory cilia

A

Olfactory cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

These cells are stem cells for ALL olfactory epithelium

A

Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands located? What is significant that occurs in these glands?

A

Located in the lamina propria; synthesis of an odorant binding protein (ODP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is serous secretion important in Bowman’s glands?

A

Dissolves odors and cleans the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Air spaces within cranial bone lined with respiratory epithelium

A

Paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the cartilagenous plates of the larynx made up of?

A

Elastic (smaller) and hyaline (larger) cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This structure connects the trachea with the pharynx

A

Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two functions of the larynx

A
  • responsible for phonation (producing sounds) via the vocal cords
  • prevents entry of food and fluids into the respiratory system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Do false vocal cords have glands and/or muscle?

A

They have glands and NO muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The false vocal cords are covered with (blank)

A

respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the epiglottis made up of?

A

Two types of epithelium and elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens during swallowing in regards to the epiglottis?

A

During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the laryngeal opening and closes the larynx to direct food into the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What covers the true vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

34
Q

Do the true vocal cords have glands?

A

No

35
Q

What type of muscle is the vocalis muscle? What type of fibers make up the vocal ligament?

A

Skeletal; elastic fibers

36
Q

Which primary bronchi is more vertical?

A

Right

37
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium or ciliated and pseudostratified columnar!

38
Q

What is significant about the respiratory epithelium of the tracheae?

A

Thick basement membrane

39
Q

Two significant features of the lamina propria of the trachea.

A
  1. seromucous glands that can extend into the submucosa

2. collagen and elastic fibers

40
Q

What is significant about the adventitia of the trachea?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, closed off by trachealis muscle posteriorly

41
Q

Cells found in the epithelial lining of the trachea?

A
  1. columnar ciliated cell
  2. goblet cell
  3. basal cell
42
Q

Which are more rigid? Extra or intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Extrapulmonary

43
Q

Which extrapulmonary bronchi is straighter and trifurcates? Which bifurcates?

A

Right; left bifurcates

44
Q

Which intrapulmonary bronchi go to lobes? Which go to the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Secondary goes to lobes; tertiary goes to segments

45
Q

What type of epithelium make up the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Respiratory

46
Q

3 features os the lamina propria and submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi

A
  1. rich elastic fibers
  2. spiral smooth muscle
  3. seromucous glands between cartilage plates and smooth muscle
47
Q

Layers of the bronchus

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. submucosa
  4. cartilage layer
  5. adventitia
48
Q

Bronchioles lack these two things

A

seromucous glands and cartilage

49
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the epithelium as you move along the bronchioles.

A

Ciliated columnar with goblet cells to a ciliated columnar/cuboidal with clara cells. Goblet cells decrease, clara cells increase.

50
Q

Do clara cells have microvilli or cilia?

A

Short microvilli

51
Q

Three functions of clara cells

A
  1. secrete glycoprotein that protects the mucosa
  2. degrade airborne toxins by sER 450 cytochromes
  3. divide to regenerate the bronchiole epithelium
52
Q

What two things primarily make up the lamina propria of the bronchioles? What two things are NOT present?

A

smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers; NO cartilage or seromucous glands

53
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the bronchioles causes (blank), while sympathetic innervation causes (blank)

A

constriction; dilation

54
Q

A widespread constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causing a decrease in diameter.

A

Asthma

55
Q

Which two features persist from the conducting system all the way until the respiratory system?

A

Epithelium and elastic fibers

56
Q

What is the epithelium found in the respiratory bronchiole?

A

Simple ciliated cuboidal with Clara cells

57
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the respiratory portion?

A

Very thin smooth muscle and elastic fibers at alveolar openings

58
Q

A bronchiole with alveolar cells?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

59
Q

What kind of epithelium are alveolar ducts lined with?

A

Squamous epithelium (primarily Type I pneumocytes)

60
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the alveolar ducts

A

Smooth muscle

Lots of elastic fibers

61
Q

What percentage of alveoli develop after birth?

A

85%

62
Q

Interalveolar wall or septum is lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Type I and II pneumocytes

63
Q

These connect adjacent alveoli; responsible for collateral respiration when blockage of a small bronchiole occurs.

A

Pores of Kohn

64
Q

Smooth muscle fibers in the bronchioles are oriented (blank), while elastic fibers are oriented (blank)

A

concentrically (circular); longitudinally

65
Q

Two components of the interalveolar septum

A

Type I and type II pneumocytes

66
Q

This type of pneumocyte makes up 95% of the alveolar surface, is very attenuated, can NOT regenerate, and made up of simple squamous epithelium.

A

Type I

67
Q

This type of pneumocyte makes up 5% of the alveolar surface, CAN regenerate the entire surface, and made up of cuboidal epithelium.

A

Type II

68
Q

What keeps type I and type II pneumocytes together?

A

Occluding junctions

69
Q

List a function of type II pneumocytes and a feature that distinguishes them histologically.

A

Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension. It is stored in lamellar bodies, and is present at 26-28 weeks in the amniotic fluid.

70
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome? What can you give the mother to help?

A

When an infant lacks sufficient surfactant and the alveoli collapse. Give mother glucocorticoids to induce synthesis of surfactant.

71
Q

4 components of the blood-gas barrier in the thin portion of the interalveolar septum

A
  1. surfactant layer
  2. cytoplasm of type I pneumocytes
  3. fused basal lamina between type I and capillary endothelium
  4. cytoplasm of capillary endothelium
72
Q

3 things found in the interalveolar septum

A
  1. type I and type II pneumocytes
  2. elastic and reticular fibers
  3. continuous capillaries
73
Q

Things that make up the thick portion of the IA septum

A

continuous capillaries
elastic, collagen, reticular fibers
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

74
Q

Where do lymphatic stop in the lungs?

A

No lymphatics from the alveolar air sacs distally

75
Q

IA septum is responsible for removing liquid from a closed space. How does it do this?

A

A wicking action

76
Q

2 types of macrophages (dust cells) in the interalveolar septum

A

Fixed: associated with alveolar wall
Free: produce elastase

77
Q

Heart failure cells are alveolar macrophages that have digested (blank) and stain positive for Fe in the RBCs.

A

erythrocytes

78
Q

When do the Pores of Kohn develop? What is their main role?

A

Develop at 3-4 years. Equilibrate pressure from alveoli to alveoli, allow free macrophages to pass through, allow collateral ventilation in case of bronchiole obstruction

79
Q

Destruction of interalveolar wall causing decreased elasticity in the lungs and the inability to recoil.

A

Emphysema (4th leading cause of death)

80
Q

This substance protects the lungs from the action of elastase. Inhibited by cigarette smoke.

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

81
Q

Purpose of the thick portion of the interalveolar septum?

A

To “drain” lymphatics

Block 2 Exam 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions