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Block 2 Exam 3 > BRS Physio Lung > Flashcards

BRS Physio Lung Flashcards

1
Q

Volume inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

Tidal volume

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2
Q

Volume that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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3
Q

Volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volue

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4
Q

Volume that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

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5
Q

Cannot be measured by spirometry

A

Residual volume

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6
Q

Volume of the conducting airways; usually about 150mL

A

anatomic dead space

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7
Q

The volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange; depends on the following variables: physiologic dead space, tidal volume, PAO2 = PaO2, and PCO2 of expired air

A

physiologic dead space

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8
Q

The volume remaining in the lungs after a tidal volume is expired

A

Functional residual capacity

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9
Q

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration

A

Vital capacity, or forced vital capacity

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10
Q

Volume of the lungs after maximal inspiration; cannot be measured by spirometry

A

Total lung capacity

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11
Q

In obstructive lung disease, such as asthma, FEV1 is reduced more than FVC, so FEV1/FVC is (blank)

A

decreased

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12
Q

In restrictive lung disease, such as fibrosis, both FEV1 and FVC are reduced so FEV1/FVC is (blank)

A

normal or increased

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13
Q

When are expiratory muscles used?

A

During exercise, or when the airway resistance is increased because of disease (asthma)

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14
Q

Compliance is inversely related to these two things

A

Elastance

Stiffness

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15
Q

When the pressure outside of the lungs is (blank), the lungs expand and lung volume increases

A

negative

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16
Q

When the pressure outside of the lungs is (blank), the lungs collapse and lung volume decreases

A

positive

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17
Q

Inflation of the lungs follows a different curve than deflation of the lung. This difference is called (blank).

A

hysteresis

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18
Q

At high expanding pressures (expiration), compliance is lowest, the lungs are least distensible, and the curve (blank)

A

flattens

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19
Q

At FRC, the collapsing force of the lung and the expanding force on the chest wall are (blank), therefore the system is in (blank)

A

equal and opposite; equilibrium

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20
Q

As a result of these two opposing forces, intrapleural pressure is (blank)

A

negative

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21
Q

If air is introduced into the intrapleural space, as seen in pneumothorax, the intrapleural pressure becomes equal to (blank). The lung will collapse and the chest wall will spring outward.

A

atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

What happens to lung compliance with emphysema? The lung-chest wall tries to compensate by increasing (blank), which leads to a barrel-shaped chest.

A

It increases

FRC

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23
Q

What happens to lung compliance with fibrosis? The lung-chest wall tries to compensate by adopting a decreased (blank).

A

It decreases

FRC

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24
Q

(blank) results from the attractive forces between liquid molecules lining the alveoli

A

Surface tension

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25
Q

According to Leplace’s law, collapsing pressure of alveoli is directly proportional to (blank) and indirectly proportional to (blank).

A

surface tension; radius

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26
Q

(blank) alveoli have low collapsing pressure and are easy to keep open

A

Large

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27
Q

In the absence of (blank), small alveoli have the tendency to collapse. This is called (blank).

A

Surfactant; atelectasis

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28
Q

Surfactant reduces (blank) by disrupting the intermolecular forces between liquid molecules. This reduction in surface tension prevents collapse of small alveoli and increases (blank).

A

surface tension; compliance

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29
Q

Surfactant is synthesized by (blank) and consists primarily of (blank).

A

Type II pneumocytes; DPPC

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30
Q

When is surfactant present in the fetus?

A

24-26 weeks

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31
Q

Airflow to the lungs is driven by the (blank) between the mouth and the alveoli.

A

Pressure difference

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32
Q

The higher the airway resistance, the (blank) the flow.

A

lower

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33
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, (blank) has a powerful influence on the resistance of an airway.

A

radius

34
Q

Major source of airway resistance is in the (blank). You would think it would be the smallest airways, but it is not, because of their parallel arrangement.

A

medium-sized bronchi

35
Q

(blank) are associated with greater traction and decreased airway resistance. Patients with increased airway resistance (asthma) learn to breathe with (blank) to offset airway resistance

A

High lung volumes

Higher lung volumes

36
Q

At rest, before inspiration, alveolar pressure equals (blank). Intrapleural pressure is (blank)

A

atmospheric pressure; negative

37
Q

During inspiration, alveolar pressure becomes (blank), and the pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli allows air to flow in. Intrapleural pressure becomes more (blank).

A

negative; negative

38
Q

During expiration, alveolar pressure becomes (blank) than atmospheric pressure, which reverses the pressure gradient and allows air to flow out of the lungs. Intrapleural pressure returns to (blank) during passive expiration.

A

higher (more positive); resting value

39
Q

During forced expiration, intrapleural pressure becomes (blank), which compresses the airways and makes expiration more difficult.

A

Positive

40
Q

Asthma is a (blank) disease in which expiration is impaired, leading to air trapping and a (blank) FRC.

A

obstructive; increased

41
Q

COPD is a combo of (blank) and (blank). It is an obstructive disease with (blank) lung compliance.

A

emphysema; chronic bronchitis; increased

42
Q

In asthma, what happens to FVC? FEV1? FEV1/FVC?

A

Decreased; decreased; decreased

43
Q

In COPD, what happens to FVC? FEV1? FEV1/FVC?

A

decreased; decreased; decreased

44
Q

COPD patients can be referred to as (blank) if they have mild hypoxia, because they maintain alveolar ventilation.

A

Pink puffers

45
Q

COPD patients can be referred to as (blank) if they have severe hypoxemia with cyanosis, because they do not maintain alveolar ventilation.

A

Blue bloaters

46
Q

What makes the PO2 of arterial blood slightly lower than that of alveolar air?

A

About 2% of systemic cardiac output bypasses the pulmonary circultion; physiologic shunt

47
Q

Things that shift the O2 binding curve to the left

A

Decreased temp
Increased pH
Decreased CO2
Decreased BPG

48
Q

CO2 is produced in the tissues and is carried to the lungs in the venous blood in three forms

A
  1. dissolved CO2
  2. carbaminohemoglobin (CO2 bound to Hb)
  3. HCO3- (major form)
49
Q

In the RBCs, CO2 combines with H20 to form (blank), a reaction that is catalyzed by (blank)

A

H2CO3

Carbonic anhydrase

50
Q

H2CO3 dissociates into (blank) and (blank). (blank) can then leave the RBC via exchange for Cl-.

A

H+ and HCO3-; HCO3-

51
Q

In the lungs, the reverse reaction occurs. HCO3- enters the RBC in exchange for chloride. HCO3- combines with H+ to form (blank), which can then decompose into (blank) and (blank). This is how CO2 is expired.

A

H2CO3; CO2 and H20

52
Q

When a person is standing, blood flow is unevenly distributed because of the effect of gravity. Where is blood flow highest?

A

at the base

53
Q

Compare PA, Pa, Pv in zones 1, 2, and 3

A

Zone 1: PA>Pa>Pv
Zone 2: Pa>PA>Pv
Zone 3: Pa>Pv>PA

54
Q

What drives blood flow in zone 2?

A

Difference between arterial and alveolar pressure

55
Q

What drives blood flow in zone 3?

A

Difference between arterial and venous pressures

56
Q

In the lungs, hypoxia causes (blank), which is the opposite response from other organs. This effect is important, because it redirects blood to well-ventilated areas.

A

vasoconstriction

57
Q

Right to left shunts always result in a decrease in (blank), because of the admixture of venous blood with arterial blood.

A

PaO2

58
Q

Left to right shunts, such as a patent ductus arteriosus, do not cause a decrease in (blank).

A

PaO2

59
Q

In a normal lung, the V/Q ratio is approximately (blank).

A

0.8

60
Q

Is the V/Q ratio higher or lower at the base?

A

Lower

61
Q

A piece of steak caught in the trachea would cause a V/Q ratio that approaches (blank), while a pulmonary embolism may cause a V/Q ratio that approaches (blank).

A

zero; infinity

62
Q

The medullary respiratory center is located in the reticular formation and contains that (blank) and the (blank).

A

dorsal respiratory group; ventral respiratory group

63
Q

Primarily responsible for inspiration and generates the basic rhythm for breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory group

64
Q

Primarily responsible for expiration; not active during normal, quiet breathing when expiration is passive

A

Ventral respiratory croup

65
Q

Located in lower pons; stimulates inspiration

A

apneustic center

66
Q

Located in the upper pons; inhibits inspiration

A

pneumotaxic center

67
Q

Breathing can be under voluntary control by the (blank).

A

cerebral cortex

68
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla, and are sensitive to the (blank) of the CSF. Decreased (blank) produces increase in breathing rate.

A

pH; pH

69
Q

(blank) diffuses from arterial blood into the CSF because (blank) is lipid soluble and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.

A

CO2; CO2

70
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Decreases in PaO2
Increases in PaCO2
Increases in arterial [H+]

71
Q

PO2 must decrease to levels below (blank) before breathing is stimulated by peripheral chemoreceptors.

A

60mmHg

72
Q

The response of peripheral chemoreceptors to CO2 is less important than the response of (blank) to CO2.

A

central chemoreceptors

73
Q

Located in the smooth muscle of the airways

When stimulated by distention of the lungs, they produce a reflex decrease in breathing frequency (Hering-Breuer reflex)

A

Lung stretch receptors

74
Q

Located between the airway epithelial cells

Stimulated by noxious substances

A

Irritant receptors

75
Q

Located in the alveolar walls, close to the capillaries
Engorgement of the pulmonary capillaries, such as may occur with left heart failure, stimulated these receptors and causes rapid shallow breathing

A

J receptors

76
Q

The mean values for (blank) and (blank) do not change during exercise. (blank) does not change during moderate exercise, either.

A

PO2; PCO2; arterial pH

77
Q

Hypoxemia stimulates renal production of (blank) which increases the production of RBCs and increases (blank).

A

erythropoietin; hemoglobin concentration

78
Q

A cause of airway obstruction in asthma is (blank). This can be corrected by administration of (blank).

A

bronchiolar constriction

B2-adrenergic stimulation

79
Q

If alveolar pressure were not (blank) than atmospheric pressure during inspiration, air would not flow in.

A

lower

80
Q

In a volume-pressure graph of the lung-chest wall system, when airway pressure is zero, the volume of the combined system is the (blank).

A

FRC

Block 2 Exam 3 (19 decks)

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