Cremo review Flashcards

1
Q

The range of [H+] that corresponds to a normal blood pH is

A

35-45 nM

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2
Q

In an unopened bottle of soda water, the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid is

A

The same as in the liquid

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3
Q

An acidemic patient with normal lung and kidney function would most likely have recently experienced which of the following?

A

[HCO3-] will increase

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4
Q

When a sample of whole blood is exposed to an increased PCO2, what happens?

A

[HCO3-] and [H+] will increase

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5
Q

What is the relative concentration of O2 (in mm Hg) in dry air in Reno?

A

0.21·680 = 143mmHg

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6
Q

Which of the following has the highest PCO2 in the normal human?

A

Venous blood

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7
Q

When a sample of whole blood is exposed to an decreased PCO2, what will occur?

A

pH will increase

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8
Q

Which set of values best represent PCO2 levels related to human physiology?
Inspired air: expired air: alveolar air: venous blood: arterial blood

A

clinically zero: 4%; 1.2 mM; 1.35 mM; 1.2 mM

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9
Q

You can calculate the pH in plasma by plugging in measured values of PaCO2 and [HCO3-] using the Henderson equation. Do you have to account for other buffers present in the plasma to get the correct result for pH?

A

No, if the values I have measured are correct, the pH will be exactly what the equation says it will be

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10
Q

Bicarbonate is added to the blood by acid-producing cells in the stomach in response to a meal. Which best describes the buffering reaction that would mitigate pH changes due to the added bicarbonate?

A

HbH+ + HCO3 - →Hb + H2CO3 →Hb + CO2 + H2O

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11
Q

Which is the buffer system with the highest capacity to mitigate pH changes in the blood due to endogenous acid production?

A

Bicarbonate system because it is in the highest concentration and is an open system

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12
Q

Which of the following has the lowest PCO2 in the normal human?

A

Inspired air

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13
Q

You have a patient who is hypoxemic, but has a normal P(A-a)O2. What could be said about this patient?

A

They are either hypoventilating or they are experiencing a low PIO2

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14
Q

In pure emphysema, the lung is defined by areas of greatly enlarged air spaces with disruption of alveolar walls. What happens to the V/Q ratio?

A

High V/Q ratio

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15
Q

In pure bronchitis, there is abundant mucous secretions in the bronchial tree and narrowing of small airways due to inflammation and wall edema. What happens to the V/Q ratio?

A

Low V/Q ratio

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16
Q

In a lung with an embolism blocking the main artery, what will increase: physiologic dead space, regions with low V/Q, regions with high V/Q?

A

All of the above

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17
Q

An individual alveolus in a state of atelectasis…

A

has essentially ZERO ventilation

18
Q

A patient with a normal pCO2 but a high p(A-a)O2 difference may have

19
Q

Four basic mechanisms of hypoxemia

A
  1. a decrease in PIO2
  2. pure hypoventilation
  3. anatomic shunt
  4. V/Q mismatch
20
Q

What is the hallmark of hypoventilation as a cause of hypoxia?

A

Elevated PaCO2

21
Q

In a normal lung, is the V/Q ratio usually greater than or less than one?

A

A bit less than one

22
Q

Alveolar gas exchange equation

A

PAO2 = %O2(Pb-47) - 1.2*PaCO2

23
Q

Which protein has the most iron bound to it on a mol iron/mol protein basis?

A

Ferritin in the tissues

24
Q

Which proteins are involved in the uptake of iron from the gut lumen into the plasma?

A

Ferroprotin
DMT1
Hephaestin
Ferric reductase

25
You have a patient with hemochromatosis. What symptoms might you observe?
Elevation in serum ferritin levels. | Hemosiderin in the parenchymal cells of the liver.
26
The aggregated form of ferritin often seen in patients with iron overload is called:
hemosiderin
27
erythropoiesis is stimulated by:
hypoxia
28
What is the rate limiting step during the biosynthesis of heme?
ALA synthase
29
The color of a healing bruise goes from reddish-purple to green to yellow. This color sequence is due to the conversion of:
localized heme to biliverdin to bilirubin
30
What kinds of things can cause conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?
Biliary tree inflammation Common bile duct obstruction Hepatitis
31
What catalyzes the rate liming step in heme catabolism?
Heme oxygenase
32
Regulation of heme synthesis depends upon the isoform of this enzyme:
delta-ALA synthase
33
T/F: Men can donate more blood than women without risking iron deficiency?
True
34
Two major sites of heme synthesis:
hepatocytes | developing RBCs
35
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kidneys
36
What is the most likely cause of jaundice in a newborn infant?
Low glucuronidyl transferase activity
37
The major site of storage of iron in the body
liver parenchymal cell
38
Are the processes where iron is normally lost from the body on a daily basis regulated?
No
39
What does hepcidin do?
Inhibits the processes that put iron into the blood
40
How might an iron deficiency appear clinically?
Low serum ferritin
41
A jaundiced patient has normal indirect bilirubin but elevated direct bilirubin. Why might this be?
Obstructed gall bladder
42
Important enzyme that is involved in the mechanism to sense the concentration of O2 in a cell
Prolyl hydroxylase