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Block 2 Exam 3 > Harvey > Flashcards

Harvey Flashcards

1
Q

How many generations of branching occur in the lungs?

A

23

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2
Q

The conducting zone makes up the first (blank) generations of the pulmonary tree

A

16

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3
Q

The approximate volume in the conducting zone is

A

150mL

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4
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting zone?

A

No

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5
Q

The respiratory zone makes up the final (blank) generations of the pulmonary tree

A

7

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6
Q

What is included in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory zone called?

A

Acinus

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8
Q

What is the approximate volume in the respiratory zone?

A

3000mL

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9
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

The relative changes in volume during expiration and inspiration

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10
Q

volume following maximal inspiration

A

Total lung capacity

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11
Q

volume left after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

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12
Q

volume inspired under normal resting conditions

A

Tidal volume

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13
Q

volume remaining at end of normal tidal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

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14
Q

volume expelled during maximal forced expiration starting at the end of normal tidal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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15
Q

volume inspired during maximal inspiratory effort starting at the end of normal tidal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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16
Q

volume inspired during maximal inspiration starting after at the end of normal tidal expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity

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17
Q

Vital capacity

A

TLC-RV

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18
Q

What is the approximate total lung capacity?

A

6L

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19
Q

Methods for measuring functional residual capacity

A
  1. nitrogen dilution
  2. helium dilution
  3. plethysmography
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20
Q

Discuss plethysmography

A

Think of inhaling and exhaling in a sealed box. So, if the chest cavity rises, increases volume and decreases pressure in the chest cavity. This will decrease the volume within the box, and increase the pressure. This method uses the initial volume of the lungs to estimate FRC.

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21
Q

How do you get air to move into the lungs?

A

You need to create a pressure gradient from the environment to the alveoli

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22
Q

How to create a negative pressure in the lungs?

A

Create a negative pressure in the intrapleural space

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23
Q

Inspiration is an active process. What is the most important muscle for inspiration?

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles contribute to inspiration?

A

They contract and pull the ribs upwards, which expands the chest cavity

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25
How do the scalene and sternomastoid muscles aid in inspiration?
Scalene muscles lift the first two ribs | Sternomastoid muscles raise the sternum
26
Why is expiration a passive process?
Due to the elasticity properties of the lungs
27
Equation for transpulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure = alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure
28
At the end of expiration, is there pressure in the alveoli? Is there pressure in the intrapleural space?
No; yes, negative pressure of about -5cmH20. This creates a transpulmonary pressure gradient.
29
Transpulmonary pressure is sometimes referred to as
elastic recoil pressure
30
At functional residual capacity (after expiration), the alveolar pressure is equal to...
the atmospheric pressure
31
Changes in lung volume are due to changes in (blank)
transpulmonary pressure
32
During inspiration, the increase in volume of the lungs causes pressure to (blank). What happens to the intrapleural pressure?
Become more negative in the alveoli; becomes more negative
33
What does the slope of the pressure volume curve for inspiration and expiration tell you?
About the elastic property of the lungs
34
The slope of the pressure-volume curve is knows as (blank).
Compliance
35
Compliance is the reverse of (blank)
Elastance
36
Compliance (increases/decreases) with pulmonary fibrosis, while compliance (increases/decreases) with emphysema.
decreases; increases
37
The relationship between lung volume and intrapleural pressure differ between inspiration and expiration. This is called (blank).
hysteresis
38
The lung volume at any given intrapleural pressure is greater during (inspiration/expiration) than it is during inflation (inspiration/expiration)
expiration; inspiration
39
What is hysteresis due to?
Surface tension due to the air-water interface
40
If you decrease surface tension, you (increase/decrease) elasticity and (increase/decrease) compliance.
decrease; increase
41
Leplace's law
P = T/r where T is the surface tension and r is the radius of the sphere
42
Small alveoli have (greater/lesser) pressure.
Greater
43
Why don't small alveoli collapse and large alveoli burst?
Surfactant
44
What is the main component of surfactant?
phospholipid dipalmitoyl phospatidylcholine (DPPC)
45
DPPC is (blank).
amphipathic
46
When surfactant molecules align themselves along the surface of the lung, their intramolecular repulsive forces (blank) the attractive forces of the liquid responsible for creating surface tension
oppose
47
Sufactant tends to reduce the pressure created by surface tension more in (smaller/larger) alveoli
smaller
48
Is hysteresis due to surface tension or surfactant?
SURFACE TENSION. Surfactant is trying to combat surface tension.
49
Surfactant (increases/decreases) compliance.
Increases compliance
50
Condition in which surfactant is not produced by the lung until the 4th month of gestation and may not be fully functional until the 7th month.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
51
In pneumothorax, the lung volume gets (blank), while the chest cavity gets (blank)
smaller; larger
52
What two opposing forces contribute to the negative intrapleural pressure at rest (functional residual capacity).
The elastic recoil properties of the lung that tend to collapse lung volume are offset by the elastic recoil properties of the chest wall that tend to expand the chest cavity.
53
During pneumothorax, what will happen to the lungs? How about the chest wall?
The lungs will tend to collapse, while the chest wall wants to expand.
54
If there is an increase in compliance, will the slope of the curve be increased or decreased?
Increased
55
What happens to FRC with more compliant lungs?
It increases
56
What happens to FRC with less compliant lungs?
It decreases
57
At the base of the lung, how does the intrapleural pressure compare to the apex of the lung?
At the base, less negative intrapleural pressure. | More negative at the apex.
58
The alveoli in the base of the lung are more (blank) than those at the apex
compressed
59
For any given change in intrapleural pressure, the change in volume that you will get in the base will be (blank) than the change that you will get in the apex.
greater
60
Typically, compliance will be (blank) at the base than at the apex.
greater
61
Normally, ventilation is greater for the alveoli of the apex or base?
base
62
Two resistances that must be overcome for air to move
1. elastic resistance | 2. non-elastic resistance: airflow and viscous
63
Poiseuille's law describes the pressure-flow relationship for laminar airflow. What is the equation? What variable affects airflow most dramatically?
V = [P(pi)r^4]/[8*viscosity*length] | Radius!!
64
The higher the Reynolds number, the higher the (blank)
turbulent flow
65
What factors determine if flow will be turbulent?
velocity, radius of airway, density of gas (doesn't change)
66
The trachea tends to get (blank) flow during exercise.
turbulent
67
With increasing cross-sectional area, resistance to airflow (blank).
decreases | At the terminal bronchioles, the resistance is negligible.
68
Sympathetic stimulation (increases/decreases) bronchial radius, and (increases/decreases) resistance to airflow.
increases; decreases
69
What do inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine released during asthma attacks or allergic responses cause bronchial smooth muscle to do?
Constrict and increase airway resistance
70
T/F: Rate of flow of expiration is effort independent.
True
71
During preinspiration, intrapleural pressure is (blank), transpulmonary pressure is (blank).
negative; positive
72
During inspiration, intrapleural pressure becomes more (blank) and the transpulmonary pressure is no longer uniform. Towards the mouth, it becomes more (blank)
negative; positive
73
What happens to alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure, along with transpulmonary pressure at the end of inspiration?
Alveolar and atmospheric pressure are at equilibrium. The transpulmonary pressure gradient is uniform.
74
What happens during forced expiration? | What happens to intrapleural pressure? Alveolar and atmospheric pressure? Transpulmonary pressure?
intrapleural pressure increases dramatically alveolar pressure is not at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure the transpulmonary pressure gradient is no longer uniform as you move closer to the mouth it can exceed the airway pressure, decreasing airway diameter and increasing resistance
75
Why does saline injection increase compliance and eliminate hysteresis?
Eliminates the air-water interface that is responsible for surface tension
76
Leplace's law states that a smaller radius will generate greater or less pressure?
greater!
77
Loss of surfactant causes (increase/decrease) in compliance and an increased effort to inflate the lungs.
Decrease
78
What determines functional residual capacity?
The balance between the outward elastic recoil properties of the chest wall and the inward elastic recoil properties of the lung
79
What is the limiting factor involved in dynamic compression of the airways?
The limiting factor is the effect that the increase in intrapleural pressure has on the transpulmonary pressure along the airway.

Block 2 Exam 3 (19 decks)

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