Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 Exam 3 > Harvey > Flashcards

Harvey Flashcards

1
Q

How many generations of branching occur in the lungs?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The conducting zone makes up the first (blank) generations of the pulmonary tree

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The approximate volume in the conducting zone is

A

150mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting zone?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The respiratory zone makes up the final (blank) generations of the pulmonary tree

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is included in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory zone called?

A

Acinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the approximate volume in the respiratory zone?

A

3000mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

The relative changes in volume during expiration and inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

volume following maximal inspiration

A

Total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

volume left after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

volume inspired under normal resting conditions

A

Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

volume remaining at end of normal tidal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

volume expelled during maximal forced expiration starting at the end of normal tidal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

volume inspired during maximal inspiratory effort starting at the end of normal tidal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

volume inspired during maximal inspiration starting after at the end of normal tidal expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vital capacity

A

TLC-RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the approximate total lung capacity?

A

6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Methods for measuring functional residual capacity

A
  1. nitrogen dilution
  2. helium dilution
  3. plethysmography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Discuss plethysmography

A

Think of inhaling and exhaling in a sealed box. So, if the chest cavity rises, increases volume and decreases pressure in the chest cavity. This will decrease the volume within the box, and increase the pressure. This method uses the initial volume of the lungs to estimate FRC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you get air to move into the lungs?

A

You need to create a pressure gradient from the environment to the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to create a negative pressure in the lungs?

A

Create a negative pressure in the intrapleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inspiration is an active process. What is the most important muscle for inspiration?

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles contribute to inspiration?

A

They contract and pull the ribs upwards, which expands the chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do the scalene and sternomastoid muscles aid in inspiration?

A

Scalene muscles lift the first two ribs

Sternomastoid muscles raise the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is expiration a passive process?

A

Due to the elasticity properties of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

transpulmonary pressure = alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At the end of expiration, is there pressure in the alveoli? Is there pressure in the intrapleural space?

A

No; yes, negative pressure of about -5cmH20. This creates a transpulmonary pressure gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transpulmonary pressure is sometimes referred to as

A

elastic recoil pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

At functional residual capacity (after expiration), the alveolar pressure is equal to…

A

the atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Changes in lung volume are due to changes in (blank)

A

transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

During inspiration, the increase in volume of the lungs causes pressure to (blank). What happens to the intrapleural pressure?

A

Become more negative in the alveoli; becomes more negative

33
Q

What does the slope of the pressure volume curve for inspiration and expiration tell you?

A

About the elastic property of the lungs

34
Q

The slope of the pressure-volume curve is knows as (blank).

A

Compliance

35
Q

Compliance is the reverse of (blank)

A

Elastance

36
Q

Compliance (increases/decreases) with pulmonary fibrosis, while compliance (increases/decreases) with emphysema.

A

decreases; increases

37
Q

The relationship between lung volume and intrapleural pressure differ between inspiration and expiration. This is called (blank).

A

hysteresis

38
Q

The lung volume at any given intrapleural pressure is greater during (inspiration/expiration) than it is during inflation (inspiration/expiration)

A

expiration; inspiration

39
Q

What is hysteresis due to?

A

Surface tension due to the air-water interface

40
Q

If you decrease surface tension, you (increase/decrease) elasticity and (increase/decrease) compliance.

A

decrease; increase

41
Q

Leplace’s law

A

P = T/r where T is the surface tension and r is the radius of the sphere

42
Q

Small alveoli have (greater/lesser) pressure.

A

Greater

43
Q

Why don’t small alveoli collapse and large alveoli burst?

A

Surfactant

44
Q

What is the main component of surfactant?

A

phospholipid dipalmitoyl phospatidylcholine (DPPC)

45
Q

DPPC is (blank).

A

amphipathic

46
Q

When surfactant molecules align themselves along the surface of the lung, their intramolecular repulsive forces (blank) the attractive forces of the liquid responsible for creating surface tension

A

oppose

47
Q

Sufactant tends to reduce the pressure created by surface tension more in (smaller/larger) alveoli

A

smaller

48
Q

Is hysteresis due to surface tension or surfactant?

A

SURFACE TENSION. Surfactant is trying to combat surface tension.

49
Q

Surfactant (increases/decreases) compliance.

A

Increases compliance

50
Q

Condition in which surfactant is not produced by the lung until the 4th month of gestation and may not be fully functional until the 7th month.

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

51
Q

In pneumothorax, the lung volume gets (blank), while the chest cavity gets (blank)

A

smaller; larger

52
Q

What two opposing forces contribute to the negative intrapleural pressure at rest (functional residual capacity).

A

The elastic recoil properties of the lung that tend to collapse lung volume are offset by the elastic recoil properties of the chest wall that tend to expand the chest cavity.

53
Q

During pneumothorax, what will happen to the lungs? How about the chest wall?

A

The lungs will tend to collapse, while the chest wall wants to expand.

54
Q

If there is an increase in compliance, will the slope of the curve be increased or decreased?

A

Increased

55
Q

What happens to FRC with more compliant lungs?

A

It increases

56
Q

What happens to FRC with less compliant lungs?

A

It decreases

57
Q

At the base of the lung, how does the intrapleural pressure compare to the apex of the lung?

A

At the base, less negative intrapleural pressure.

More negative at the apex.

58
Q

The alveoli in the base of the lung are more (blank) than those at the apex

A

compressed

59
Q

For any given change in intrapleural pressure, the change in volume that you will get in the base will be (blank) than the change that you will get in the apex.

A

greater

60
Q

Typically, compliance will be (blank) at the base than at the apex.

A

greater

61
Q

Normally, ventilation is greater for the alveoli of the apex or base?

A

base

62
Q

Two resistances that must be overcome for air to move

A
  1. elastic resistance

2. non-elastic resistance: airflow and viscous

63
Q

Poiseuille’s law describes the pressure-flow relationship for laminar airflow. What is the equation? What variable affects airflow most dramatically?

A

V = [P(pi)r^4]/[8viscositylength]

Radius!!

64
Q

The higher the Reynolds number, the higher the (blank)

A

turbulent flow

65
Q

What factors determine if flow will be turbulent?

A

velocity, radius of airway, density of gas (doesn’t change)

66
Q

The trachea tends to get (blank) flow during exercise.

A

turbulent

67
Q

With increasing cross-sectional area, resistance to airflow (blank).

A

decreases

At the terminal bronchioles, the resistance is negligible.

68
Q

Sympathetic stimulation (increases/decreases) bronchial radius, and (increases/decreases) resistance to airflow.

A

increases; decreases

69
Q

What do inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine released during asthma attacks or allergic responses cause bronchial smooth muscle to do?

A

Constrict and increase airway resistance

70
Q

T/F: Rate of flow of expiration is effort independent.

A

True

71
Q

During preinspiration, intrapleural pressure is (blank), transpulmonary pressure is (blank).

A

negative; positive

72
Q

During inspiration, intrapleural pressure becomes more (blank) and the transpulmonary pressure is no longer uniform. Towards the mouth, it becomes more (blank)

A

negative; positive

73
Q

What happens to alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure, along with transpulmonary pressure at the end of inspiration?

A

Alveolar and atmospheric pressure are at equilibrium. The transpulmonary pressure gradient is uniform.

74
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

What happens to intrapleural pressure? Alveolar and atmospheric pressure? Transpulmonary pressure?

A

intrapleural pressure increases dramatically
alveolar pressure is not at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure
the transpulmonary pressure gradient is no longer uniform
as you move closer to the mouth it can exceed the airway pressure, decreasing airway diameter and increasing resistance

75
Q

Why does saline injection increase compliance and eliminate hysteresis?

A

Eliminates the air-water interface that is responsible for surface tension

76
Q

Leplace’s law states that a smaller radius will generate greater or less pressure?

A

greater!

77
Q

Loss of surfactant causes (increase/decrease) in compliance and an increased effort to inflate the lungs.

A

Decrease

78
Q

What determines functional residual capacity?

A

The balance between the outward elastic recoil properties of the chest wall and the inward elastic recoil properties of the lung

79
Q

What is the limiting factor involved in dynamic compression of the airways?

A

The limiting factor is the effect that the increase in intrapleural pressure has on the transpulmonary pressure along the airway.

Block 2 Exam 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions