Histo/phys mammary glands

Question 1

What type of gland is mammary gland

Answer 1

tubulo-alveolar

with glandular elements, ductal elements, sub cut stroma with abundant adipose surrounding

Question 2

what type of epithelium is mammary nipple and areola

Answer 2

stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized, no hair follicles with tall dermal papillae

Question 3

How come the areola has darker pigmentation

Answer 3

numerous melanocytes that also increase during pregnancy

Question 4

What is the underlying CT of nipple

Answer 4

dense irregular CT with abundant elastic fibers

Question 5

what type of corpuscles are found in areola

Answer 5

meissners and pacinian

Question 6

what happens to ducts in nipple as they reach center

Answer 6

ducts expands to form lactiferous sinus

Question 7

what is the functional unit of a gland in nipple

Answer 7

lobule

Question 8

where do ductules of the breast originate

Answer 8

at secretory alveoli

Question 9

what is the ductal epithelium in breast

Answer 9

cuboidal to columnar, may be stratified cuboidal in lactiferous duct (layer of myoepithelial cells)

Question 10

what binds cells together in ducts

Answer 10

tight junctions, gap junctions and desmosomes

Question 11

describe lactiferous alveoli

Answer 11

clusters of alveoli surround alveolar ductule

Question 12

what type of epithelium does lactiferous alveoli have

Answer 12

simple columnar with rER golgi, secretion granules especially and myoepithelial cells around

Question 13

How does the stroma of mammary gland vary

Answer 13

dense irregular to loos irregular

Question 14

What is the dense CT in mammary gland

Answer 14

interlobular CT
separates lobes and lobules
provides structural support for breast

Question 15

What is the loose CT of mammary gland

Answer 15

intralobular, surrounds and separates alveoli

allows expansion during lactation

Question 16

What is the source of lipids for milk production

Answer 16

the adipose tissue, becomes depleted during lactation

Question 17

What inn the mammary gland

Answer 17

superficial like nipple and areola are richly inn with sensory neurone
myoepithelial cells are not inn– endocrine hormones, like oxytocin (milk ejection

Question 18

when is the initial appearance of mammogenesis

Answer 18

6th week of gestation, mammary ridges of ectoderm form

Question 19

what influences mammogenesis

Answer 19

prenatal estrogen

Question 20

what is the pre-pubescent gland consist of

Answer 20

nipple areola and primitive duct system

Question 21

At puberty what happens to breast duct system

Answer 21

furtehr growth and branching, alveoli develop under influence of progesterone
increase in adipose and CT
the luteal phase causes greater development under influence of E and P

Question 22

What are the hormones that increase lobulo alveolar growth in breasts

Answer 22

estrogen, GH, cortisol, prolactin and relaxin maybe

Question 23

what are the hormones that increase ductal growth of breasts

Answer 23

Estrogen, GH, cortisol and relaxin

Question 24

what does invasive breast cancer usually attack and what hormone is it responsive to

Answer 24

ductal system

responds to estrogen

Question 25

What causes invasive breast cancer in post menopausal women

Answer 25

CYP19 aromatase inhibitor which prevents peripheral conversion androgen to estrogen

Question 26

what causes invasive breast cancer in premenopausal women

Answer 26

selective estrogen Receptod modulator

Question 27

When is there a spike in prolactin levels

Answer 27

5th week before birth

Question 28

What is the effect of estrogen on prolactin

Answer 28

stimulate production and inhibits action (small amounts of colostrum let out)

Question 29

What are some positive stimuli feedback for oxytocin release

Answer 29

suckling, anticipation of nursing and audiovisual stimuli

Question 30

What initiates milk synthesis later in pregnancy

Answer 30

PRL and hPL

Question 31

what allows for milk synthesis by alveolar cells

Answer 31

loss of placental steroids

Question 32

what is galactopoiesis

Answer 32

maintenance of lactation, controlled by PRL

Question 33

what controls milk ejection

Answer 33

oxytocin

Question 34

What is sucklings effect on lactation

Answer 34

inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons

which dopa inhibits prolactin

Question 35

What are the main components of colostrum

Answer 35

nutrients, fats, Ab

Question 36

what controls amount og milk produced

Answer 36

prolactin

Question 37

What can neg feedback to oxytocin release

Answer 37

negative maternal emotions, frustration, anger, anxiety

Question 38

What are other effects of oxytocin on hypothalamus

Answer 38

inhibit production of GnRH resulting in dec of LH and FSH, inhibits ovarian cycle

Question 39

What does colostrum look like

Answer 39

thin yellow milk like

Question 40

What are major ocmponents in breast milk

Answer 40

fats in aqueous solution, with lactose and proteins

K Ca Na Cl and phosphate

Question 41

Why is cows milk 3X more protein

Answer 41

hgih casein content and high electrolyte content

Question 42

What type of immune defenses does breast milk have

Answer 42

secretory IgA
WBCs like neutrophils and macrophages
GF like Epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor and insulin like growth factor

Question 43

What are benefits for the infant if breast fed

Answer 43

reduction of infections
initial increased growth
decreased obesity in adulthood
positive effects on mental development