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ENDO I exam 2 > Histo-male > Flashcards

Histo-male Flashcards

1
Q

What ring do the testes descend through

A

deep inguinal ring

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2
Q

What is the exocrine product of the testes

A

gametes, sperm cells,

they produce and secrete

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3
Q

What is the endocrine product of the testes

A

androgens–> male sex hormones

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4
Q

What is the duct of the testes exocrine glands

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

What type of CT surrounds testes

A

fibro-elastic CT capsule

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum testis

A

hilar region, exit and entry of the vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ducts

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7
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

CT along post border testis, thickened capsule that projects inward

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8
Q

Where is the CT septae of testes

A

radiate from mediastinum to inner face of capsule

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9
Q

What is within a lobule of the testes

A

each lobule has 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules in loos CT stroma

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10
Q

What are the cells that produce testosterone in testes

A

Leydig cells

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11
Q

Describe Leydig cells characteristics

A

large, polyhedral interstitial cells with rounded nuclei (1-2 nucleoli) with many cytoplamsic inclusions
prominent Golgi, abundant mitochondria, extensive sER, peroxisomes, and lysosomes

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12
Q

How are leydig cells arranged

A

singly or clustered in stroma between seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

Why are leydig cells found close to vasculature

A

endocrine in nature

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14
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubule

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15
Q

What occurs in process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia transformed into spermatozoa

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16
Q

What occurs in process of spermiogenesis

A

part of spermatogensis, spermatids to spermatozoa

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17
Q

Describe general path beginning with seminiferous tubule

A

connects tubules and at termination the convoluted tubule becomes a straight tubule
empties into rete testis of mediastinum testis

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18
Q

describe basement membrane of seminiferous tubule

A

collagen fibers encircle each tubule, with contractile type cells, acts like smooth m

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19
Q

Describe the epithelium of seminiferous tubules

A

specialized stratified epithelium
spermatogenic (seminiferous or germinal) epithelium
basal cells rest on basement membrane

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20
Q

how do the seminiferous tubules differ in adults than with young adolescents

A

in adult epithelium borders central lumen

in pre-adolescence there are solid cords with no lumen

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21
Q

What do we call the cells that surround seminiferous tubules

A

peritubular contractile cells

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22
Q

Describe the spermatogenic epithelium within seminiferous tubule

A

germ cells, sertoli cells

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23
Q

What is the epithelium like in the spermatogenic epithelium

A

stratified 4-8 layers

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24
Q

Describe the sertoli cells

A

“nurse cells” to spermatids that provide germ cells with mechanical support, protection and nutrition

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25
Q

Describe characteristic of sertoli cells

A

tall columnar cells that are large, pale, oval nuclei with prominent nucleus and membrane infoldings

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26
Q

What side of the sertoli cells faces above base cells

A

apex and lateral faces

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27
Q

Describe changes of germ cells along sertoli cells

A

near the base are the most young germ cells and mature as reach apex

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28
Q

Why is it important for sertoli cells to have tight junctions

A

blood-testis barrier
separate spermatocytes from spermatogonia
prevent antigens from being seen from immune cells that have never seen antigen before (prevent autoimmunity)

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29
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis
meiosis
spermiogenesis

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30
Q

What occurs in spermatocytogenesis

A

spermatogonia proligerate by mitotic divisions

Type A to Type B to primary spermatocytes

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31
Q

What occurs in the meiosis part of spermatogenesis

A

primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte to spermatid (4N–>2N–>1N)

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32
Q

What occurs in spermiogenesis

A

spermatids to spermatozoa (motile)

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33
Q

What are the germ cells present prior to puberty

A

only spermatogonia, cannot divide further

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34
Q

What happens to the Type A spermatogonia

A

one daughter remains as type A and one becomes type B

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35
Q

How man chromosomes do spermatogonia have

A

2N pair of 23 chromosomes

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36
Q

What is the largest sperm cell

A

primary spermatocytes

37
Q

What happens from when switching from primary spermatocyte to secondary

A

primary duplicates 4N pair 46 chromosomes and then splits into 2 2N pair 23 chromosomes

38
Q

Why are secondary spermatocytes hard to see or find

A

because extremely rapid phase

39
Q

Where are spermatids found in tubule

A

close to lumen

40
Q

What is the shape of a late spermatid nucleus

A

arrowhead

41
Q

Where does sperm acquire motility and thus become capable of fertilization

A

epididymis

42
Q

Descirbe the head of mature sperm

A

condensed nucleus and cap

dense acrosome at the anterior boundary

43
Q

What is within the acrosome of sperm

A

hyaluronidase, aids sperm in penetration of unfertilized egg

44
Q

Describe the neck and middle of mature sperm

A

contains core of longitudinal filaments with mitochondrial sheath that powers the movements of tail

45
Q

Describe the tail of mature sperm

A

ensheathed by thin layer cytoplasm
9+2 MT arrangement
(9 pair surrounding doublet at core)

46
Q

how many stages occur in cycle within seminiferous epithelium

A

6 stages

47
Q

What is a segment of seminiferous epithelium

A

length of tubule between identical stages

48
Q

What is a wave of seminiferous epithelium

A

distance between 2 similar stages

49
Q

Where does the seminiferous tubule become the straight tubule or “tubuli recti”

A

apex of lobule

50
Q

How does epithelium change when reach straight seminiferious tubule

A

simple columnar epithelium

51
Q

What is the rete testis

A

irregular network of anastomosing channels in mediastinum testis

52
Q

Where do the efferent ductules of testis drain to

A

ductus epididymis

53
Q

What forms the epididymis

A

efferent ductules merging with ductus epididymis

54
Q

What is the ductus epididymis

A

single coiled duct that is about 20 ft long

55
Q

what is the epithelium like in epididymis

A

Very tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia
continuous with ductus deferens

56
Q

What are stereocilia and function?

A

really long microvilli, primarily for absorption

57
Q

Describe characteristics of ductus deferens

A

thick walled muscular tube

epithelium like ductus epididymis–> not as dense or tall

58
Q

what is the course of ductus deferens

A

course retropertoneally into pelvis after traveling with spermatic cord
terminally dilates as ampulla and ends as ejaculatory duct

59
Q

What forms ejaculatory duct

A

union of ampulla and seminal vesicle

60
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct empty into

A

prostatic urethra

61
Q

How do sperm move through ductus deferens

A

propulsion, peristaltic contractions and potentially swimming too

62
Q

Where in the cavity are the seminal vesicles

A

postero-inferior surface of bladder

63
Q

What changes the epithlium of seminal vesicles

A

depends on testosterone

64
Q

What is the fucniton of seminal vesicle

A

produce sperm, does not store it

produce and store mucoid secretions

65
Q

What is a high component of ejaculate

A

fructose because nutrition for sperm

66
Q

What are the zones of the prostate gland

A

peripheral zone, transitional zone, central zone, (periurethral zone- debatable)

67
Q

What is BPH and what does it cause

A

nodular hyperplasia from glands in central zone of prostate gland
early urinary obstruction

68
Q

Where are most carcinomas of prostate gland

A

in peripheral zone, palpable in DRE

69
Q

What affects glandular development in prostate gland

A

hormones

70
Q

What are prostatic concretions

A

corpora amylacea, Ca deposits, increase size and number iwth age

71
Q

Describe the fluid of prostatic secretions

A

alightly alkaline pH to counteract acidicty of female tract

72
Q

What enzyme is found in prostatic secretions and how is it used clinically

A

acid phosphatase

aids in Dx of prostatic epithelial malignancies

73
Q

What is the Cowpers gland

A

bulbourethral glands embedded in UG diaphragm that is a tubulo aveolar gland to secrete clear viscous, mucoid subsance under erotic stimulation

74
Q

What is the function of cowpers gland secretions

A

lubricate urethra

75
Q

What are the parts of urethra

A

prostatic, membranous and penile

76
Q

What part of urethra runs length of corpus cavernosum

A

penile urethra

77
Q

Descirbe the structure of aa during flaccidity

A

smooth muscle coils helicine aa, obstructs flow

78
Q

How does erection occur

A

PAN straightens helicine aa, closes shunt to allow aa to fill
cavities dilate and compress venules

79
Q

What prevens expansion of penisq

A

tunica albuginea

80
Q

Where does the tru ejaculationcome from

A

prostate gland

81
Q

where is sperm stored

A

in epididymis and ductus deferens

82
Q

SAN and somatic musculature control erection or ejaculation

A

ejaculation

83
Q

Which muscle forces semen outside

A

bulbo-cavernosus

compresses bulb of corpus spongiosum

84
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum urethra

A

cylindrycal body of vascular lacunae, enclosed in CT capsule, connected to venous plexus with mucosal glands (tubular invaginations of epithelium(

85
Q

What are the three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue

A

corpus cavernosum urethra (corpus spongiosum)

and two corpora cavernosa

86
Q

Descirbe the 2 corpora cavernosa

A

dorsal
skin lacks fat and hair follicles
terminally the skin reduplicates in fold (prepuce)

87
Q

What part of penis is removed in circumsicion

A

the prepuce

88
Q

Describe epithelium over glans of penis

A

stratified squamous, nonkeratinizing

continuous with urethral epithelium

ENDO I exam 2 (11 decks)

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