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ENDO I exam 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the urniary and internal repro organs develop from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What is within the Y chromosome that changes genital system

A

SRY gene with protein product called testis-determining factor

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3
Q

Where is the genital ridge only found

A

in abdomen

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4
Q

Descibe the indifferent stage os testes

A

genital ridge, form from intermediate mesoderm and overlying epithelium
epithlium(cortex) grows into underlying mesoderm to form primitive sex cords (medulla)
and Primordial germ cells migrate

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5
Q

What weeks do the primordial germ cells migrate to genital ridge

A

4-6 weeks

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6
Q

What occurs if the primordial germ cells do not migrate to genital ridges

A

gonads will not form

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7
Q

What do the primordial germ cells become

A

eggs and sperm

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8
Q

What does TDF do to indifferent gonads

A

form testes

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9
Q

Describe what happens to medulla of indifferent gonad after TDF

A

medulla form testes, sex cords remain as solid tubes until puberty (canalize)
form seminiferous tubles, tubuli recti, rete testis

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10
Q

What week do the testes begin to secrete testosterone

A

week 8

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11
Q

What does the cortex of indifferent gonad become after TDF

A

mostly form the tunica albuginea

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12
Q

What determines internal and external genitalia

A

the gonads,, which is determined by gene (SRY)

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13
Q

What hormone is secreted from sertoli cells

A

the Mullerian inhibitory factor, suppresses mullerian duct(female system)

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14
Q

What hormone controls descent of testes

A

testosterone

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15
Q

What is the gubernaculum

A

thick ligament that attaches caudal pole of testes to the anterior body wall

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16
Q

What is the processus vaginalis

A

evagination of peritoneum that passes through abdominal wall lateral to site of attachment of gubernaculum

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17
Q

What process forms inguinal canal

A

when processus vaginalis, gubernaculum, testes and ductus deferens are pulled through abdominal wall

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18
Q

What happens to processus vaginalis in males

A

proximal portion closes and distal portion forms tunica vaginalis around testes

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19
Q

Describe the genital ducts during indifferent stage

A 
two duct systems form form intermediate mesoderm
mesonephric duct (wolffian)
paramesonephric duct (mullerian)
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20
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on genital ducts

A

induce differentiation of mesonephric duct into male genital ducts and glands
AMH(antimullerian) from sertolie cells inhibit development of paramesonephric duct

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21
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules become

A

efferent ductules, appendix of epididymis

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22
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts become

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

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23
Q

what does the urethra of embryonic structure become

A

prostate and bulbourethral glands

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24
Q

what happens to paramesonephric duct in male differentiation

A

regresses, except for part that forms appendix of testes and prostatic utricle

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25
Q

Describe external genitalia of indifferent stage

A

cloacal folds- mesenchymal swellings around cloacal membrane

genital swellings form on each side (covered in ectoderm)

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26
Q

What do the cloacal folds divide into

A

urethral and anal folds

anteriorly cloacal folds fuse to form genital tubercle

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27
Q

When is the external genitalia fully differentiated in male

A

12th week under influence of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

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28
Q

What becomes of the anal folds

A

Anus

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29
Q

What does the genital tubercle form

A

glans portion of penis

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30
Q

What do the urethral folds form in male genitalia

A

shaft, root of penis and penile urethra

31
Q

What forms penile portion of urethra

A

the fusion of urethral folds

32
Q

What forms the terminal part of glans penis

A

ectodermal cells grow inward

33
Q

what do the labioscrotal swellings (genital swellings) form in male

A

scrotum, scrotal septum where they fuse

34
Q

What is hypospadias and what causes it

A

incomplete fusion of urethral groove on central surface of penis
abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface
testosterone dependent

35
Q

what is epispadias and what causes it

A

urethral opening on dorsum penis
occurs with exstrophy of bladder
testosterone independent
more rare and severe

36
Q

What causes congenital indirect inguinal hernia

A

proximal processus vaginalis remains patent.

37
Q

What is hydrocele and what causes it

A

fluid filled sac around scrotum or spermatic cord caused by excessive serous fluid production
noncommunicating and communicating types

38
Q

What is cryptorchidism and what causes it, and what could be long term consequence

A

failure of testes to descend into scrotum
testosterone dependent
undescended testes will be infertile due to temperature dysregulation

39
Q

What triggers female UG development

A

not a known trigger. absence of SRY

40
Q

What occurs to indifferent gonads when TDF is absent

A

sex cords in medulla degenerate
second generation of cortical sex cords form from epithelium, these will form follicular cells in oogonia
cortex forms ovary, the medulla regresses

41
Q

What does the gubernaculum in females become

A

ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

42
Q

What does the processus vaginalis become in female

A

small, obliterated before birth

43
Q

Gonad is determined by what

A

the XX or XY chromosomes

44
Q

Is estrogen required for formation of internal and external female genitalia

A

no. really just absence of antimullerian hormone

45
Q

descirbe location of paramesonephric ducts in indifferent stage

A

cranial ends open in abdominal cavity

caudal ends fuse and enter cloaca

46
Q

What happens to the ducts in absence of antimullerian hormone

A

paramesonephric ducts differentiate into female genital ducts
mesonephric ducts degenerate in absence of testosterone

47
Q

What does the cranial end of paramesonephric duct in female become

A

uterine tube

48
Q

What does the caudal fused part of paramesonephric duct become in female

A

uterus, cervix, superior vagina

49
Q

What is the sinovaginal bulb (vaginal plate)

A

inferior portion of vagina

50
Q

What does the sinovaginal bulb arise from

A

cloaca, induced by paramesonephric ducts. Forms solid tube called vaginal plate

51
Q

When does the vaginal plate canalize

A

by 5th month

52
Q

What is the hymen

A

thin membrane separating urogenital sinus from vagina

53
Q

What does the urethral endoderm become in females

A

greater vestibular and skene’s glands

54
Q

When is the external genitalia in females differentiated

A

not until 12th week

55
Q

what does the genital tubercle become in female differentiation

A

clitoris

56
Q

What do the urethral folds become in females

A

labia minora
erectile tissue (bulbs of vestibule, crus of clitoris)
the urethral groove remains unfused and will form vestibule

57
Q

What do the labioscrotal swellings become in females

A

labia majora

58
Q

Most congenital anomalies of female repro system result from what

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

59
Q

What is Uterus arcuatus

A

very slight lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

60
Q

What is double uterus with double vagina

A

complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and formation of two sinovaginal bulbs

61
Q

what is uterus bicornis (bicollis)

A

partial lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

62
Q

what is uterus unicornis

A

complete agenesis of one paramesonephric duct

63
Q

what is uterus bicornis unicollis (1 cervix)

A

caudal portion of 1 paramesonephric duct fails to form

64
Q

what causes vaginal and cervical atresia

A

atresia of sinovaginal bulbs or from failure of canalization

65
Q

What are the names of remnants of mesonephric tubules and ducts? and know they can become cystic

A

epophoron (tubules)
paroophoron (tubules and duct)
Gartners duct- remnatn of caudal mesonephric duct

66
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome

A

47 XXY male, nondisjunction during meiosis
infertile due to low levels of testosterone, spermatogenesis
impaired sexual maturation
gynecomastia

67
Q

Why do problems in klinefelters arise at puberty

A

because lack of testosterone.

high levels of estrogen–> form secondary sex characteristics of female

68
Q

What is Turner syndrome

A

45 XO, nondisjunction during meiosis
gonadal dysgenesis(no gonads), streak gonads(genital ridge)
internal and external genitalia form fine
lack secondary sex trait development at puberty
short stature, broad chest, short neck, lymphedema of hands and feet

69
Q

What is Swyer Syndrome

A

46 XY
point mutation of SRY–>defective TDF
gondal dysgenesis, streak gonads, can become cancerous
female external and internal genitalia except for ovaries
amenorrhea
lack of secondary sex trait devlopement

70
Q

What is hermaphroditism

A 
both male and femal gonadal tissue
ovotestes (both tissue in same gonad)
most have 46 XX, translocation of Y chromosome containing SRY during meiosis
ambiguous external genitalia
female internal genitalia
71
Q

What is female pseudohermaphroditism

A

46, XX
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (excessive androgens from adrenal gland)
ovaries, and female internal repro organs
masculinization of external genitalia

72
Q

What is male pseudohermaphroditism

A

46, XY
testes form because have SRY and thus TDF
insufficient androgen production and AMH (hypogonadism)
external and internal genitalia normally female

73
Q

Describe Androgen Insensitivity

A

46, XY
testes (undescended)
AMH and testosterone production is normal
lack of androgen Receptors
mesonephric ducts degenerate(lack response)
paramesonephric ducts degenerate (because AMH)
female external genitalia and secondary sex traits
vagina is short and blind ending

ENDO I exam 2 (11 decks)

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