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ENDO I exam 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the urniary and internal repro organs develop from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What is within the Y chromosome that changes genital system

A

SRY gene with protein product called testis-determining factor

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3
Q

Where is the genital ridge only found

A

in abdomen

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4
Q

Descibe the indifferent stage os testes

A

genital ridge, form from intermediate mesoderm and overlying epithelium
epithlium(cortex) grows into underlying mesoderm to form primitive sex cords (medulla)
and Primordial germ cells migrate

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5
Q

What weeks do the primordial germ cells migrate to genital ridge

A

4-6 weeks

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6
Q

What occurs if the primordial germ cells do not migrate to genital ridges

A

gonads will not form

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7
Q

What do the primordial germ cells become

A

eggs and sperm

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8
Q

What does TDF do to indifferent gonads

A

form testes

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9
Q

Describe what happens to medulla of indifferent gonad after TDF

A

medulla form testes, sex cords remain as solid tubes until puberty (canalize)
form seminiferous tubles, tubuli recti, rete testis

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10
Q

What week do the testes begin to secrete testosterone

A

week 8

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11
Q

What does the cortex of indifferent gonad become after TDF

A

mostly form the tunica albuginea

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12
Q

What determines internal and external genitalia

A

the gonads,, which is determined by gene (SRY)

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13
Q

What hormone is secreted from sertoli cells

A

the Mullerian inhibitory factor, suppresses mullerian duct(female system)

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14
Q

What hormone controls descent of testes

A

testosterone

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15
Q

What is the gubernaculum

A

thick ligament that attaches caudal pole of testes to the anterior body wall

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16
Q

What is the processus vaginalis

A

evagination of peritoneum that passes through abdominal wall lateral to site of attachment of gubernaculum

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17
Q

What process forms inguinal canal

A

when processus vaginalis, gubernaculum, testes and ductus deferens are pulled through abdominal wall

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18
Q

What happens to processus vaginalis in males

A

proximal portion closes and distal portion forms tunica vaginalis around testes

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19
Q

Describe the genital ducts during indifferent stage

A 
two duct systems form form intermediate mesoderm
mesonephric duct (wolffian)
paramesonephric duct (mullerian)
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20
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on genital ducts

A

induce differentiation of mesonephric duct into male genital ducts and glands
AMH(antimullerian) from sertolie cells inhibit development of paramesonephric duct

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21
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules become

A

efferent ductules, appendix of epididymis

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22
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts become

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

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23
Q

what does the urethra of embryonic structure become

A

prostate and bulbourethral glands

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24
Q

what happens to paramesonephric duct in male differentiation

A

regresses, except for part that forms appendix of testes and prostatic utricle

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25
Describe external genitalia of indifferent stage
cloacal folds- mesenchymal swellings around cloacal membrane | genital swellings form on each side (covered in ectoderm)
26
What do the cloacal folds divide into
urethral and anal folds | anteriorly cloacal folds fuse to form genital tubercle
27
When is the external genitalia fully differentiated in male
12th week under influence of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
28
What becomes of the anal folds
Anus
29
What does the genital tubercle form
glans portion of penis
30
What do the urethral folds form in male genitalia
shaft, root of penis and penile urethra
31
What forms penile portion of urethra
the fusion of urethral folds
32
What forms the terminal part of glans penis
ectodermal cells grow inward
33
what do the labioscrotal swellings (genital swellings) form in male
scrotum, scrotal septum where they fuse
34
What is hypospadias and what causes it
incomplete fusion of urethral groove on central surface of penis abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface testosterone dependent
35
what is epispadias and what causes it
urethral opening on dorsum penis occurs with exstrophy of bladder testosterone independent more rare and severe
36
What causes congenital indirect inguinal hernia
proximal processus vaginalis remains patent.
37
What is hydrocele and what causes it
fluid filled sac around scrotum or spermatic cord caused by excessive serous fluid production noncommunicating and communicating types
38
What is cryptorchidism and what causes it, and what could be long term consequence
failure of testes to descend into scrotum testosterone dependent undescended testes will be infertile due to temperature dysregulation
39
What triggers female UG development
not a known trigger. absence of SRY
40
What occurs to indifferent gonads when TDF is absent
sex cords in medulla degenerate second generation of cortical sex cords form from epithelium, these will form follicular cells in oogonia cortex forms ovary, the medulla regresses
41
What does the gubernaculum in females become
ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus
42
What does the processus vaginalis become in female
small, obliterated before birth
43
Gonad is determined by what
the XX or XY chromosomes
44
Is estrogen required for formation of internal and external female genitalia
no. really just absence of antimullerian hormone
45
descirbe location of paramesonephric ducts in indifferent stage
cranial ends open in abdominal cavity | caudal ends fuse and enter cloaca
46
What happens to the ducts in absence of antimullerian hormone
paramesonephric ducts differentiate into female genital ducts mesonephric ducts degenerate in absence of testosterone
47
What does the cranial end of paramesonephric duct in female become
uterine tube
48
What does the caudal fused part of paramesonephric duct become in female
uterus, cervix, superior vagina
49
What is the sinovaginal bulb (vaginal plate)
inferior portion of vagina
50
What does the sinovaginal bulb arise from
cloaca, induced by paramesonephric ducts. Forms solid tube called vaginal plate
51
When does the vaginal plate canalize
by 5th month
52
What is the hymen
thin membrane separating urogenital sinus from vagina
53
What does the urethral endoderm become in females
greater vestibular and skene's glands
54
When is the external genitalia in females differentiated
not until 12th week
55
what does the genital tubercle become in female differentiation
clitoris
56
What do the urethral folds become in females
labia minora erectile tissue (bulbs of vestibule, crus of clitoris) the urethral groove remains unfused and will form vestibule
57
What do the labioscrotal swellings become in females
labia majora
58
Most congenital anomalies of female repro system result from what
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
59
What is Uterus arcuatus
very slight lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts
60
What is double uterus with double vagina
complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and formation of two sinovaginal bulbs
61
what is uterus bicornis (bicollis)
partial lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts
62
what is uterus unicornis
complete agenesis of one paramesonephric duct
63
what is uterus bicornis unicollis (1 cervix)
caudal portion of 1 paramesonephric duct fails to form
64
what causes vaginal and cervical atresia
atresia of sinovaginal bulbs or from failure of canalization
65
What are the names of remnants of mesonephric tubules and ducts? and know they can become cystic
epophoron (tubules) paroophoron (tubules and duct) Gartners duct- remnatn of caudal mesonephric duct
66
What is Klinefelter syndrome
47 XXY male, nondisjunction during meiosis infertile due to low levels of testosterone, spermatogenesis impaired sexual maturation gynecomastia
67
Why do problems in klinefelters arise at puberty
because lack of testosterone. | high levels of estrogen--> form secondary sex characteristics of female
68
What is Turner syndrome
45 XO, nondisjunction during meiosis gonadal dysgenesis(no gonads), streak gonads(genital ridge) internal and external genitalia form fine lack secondary sex trait development at puberty short stature, broad chest, short neck, lymphedema of hands and feet
69
What is Swyer Syndrome
46 XY point mutation of SRY-->defective TDF gondal dysgenesis, streak gonads, can become cancerous female external and internal genitalia except for ovaries amenorrhea lack of secondary sex trait devlopement
70
What is hermaphroditism
``` both male and femal gonadal tissue ovotestes (both tissue in same gonad) most have 46 XX, translocation of Y chromosome containing SRY during meiosis ambiguous external genitalia female internal genitalia ```
71
What is female pseudohermaphroditism
46, XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia (excessive androgens from adrenal gland) ovaries, and female internal repro organs masculinization of external genitalia
72
What is male pseudohermaphroditism
46, XY testes form because have SRY and thus TDF insufficient androgen production and AMH (hypogonadism) external and internal genitalia normally female
73
Describe Androgen Insensitivity
46, XY testes (undescended) AMH and testosterone production is normal lack of androgen Receptors mesonephric ducts degenerate(lack response) paramesonephric ducts degenerate (because AMH) female external genitalia and secondary sex traits vagina is short and blind ending

ENDO I exam 2 (11 decks)

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