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ENDO I > Histo, Parathyroid, adrenal pancreas > Flashcards

Histo, Parathyroid, adrenal pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there

A

four

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2
Q

Where do the parathyroid glands sit on thyroid glan

A

posterior

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3
Q

What cell types are in parathyroid glands

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

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4
Q

Describe chief cells of parathryoid

A

have basophilic cytoplasm with dense secretion and peptide secreting granules

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5
Q

Describe oxyphil cells

A

eosinophilic because alot of mitochondria

larger with no secretion granules

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6
Q

Which cells secrete product from parathyroid gland

A

chief cells

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7
Q

Which cell in parathyroid is the only type present until puberty

A

chief cells

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8
Q

What is the function of chief cell

A

secrete PTH

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9
Q

what is PTH

A

counter-regulatory to calcitonin

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10
Q

what are the effects of hyper and hypo calcemia on PTH secretion

A

hyper suppress PTH

hypo increase PTH

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11
Q

What does PTH do

A

increase blood Ca and promotes absorption and increases reabsorption from bones
increases PO4 excretion by kidney
decreases Ca secretion by kidney
promotes Vit D uptake and metabolism

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12
Q

What are the exact effects of PTH on bone reabsorption (Ca)

A

does not directly affect osteoclasts, binds osteoblasts, sitmulates release of cytokine which affects osteoclast

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13
Q

hyperthyroidism leads to what

A

increased serum Ca, bones loss and renal calculi

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways to regulate Ca metabolism

A

change bone turnover, change gut absorption and control urinary Ca secretion

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15
Q

what are the affects of calcitonin on bone reabsoprtion

A

inhibits Ca reabsorption

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16
Q

What is the effect of Vit D

A

promote Ca uptake from gut
also negative feedback on itself
promotes Pi absorption
promotes Ca reabsorption from kidneys

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17
Q

What do Ca levels look like in calcitonin deficiency

A

still have normal Ca levels

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18
Q

4 main effects of PTH

A

increase bone Ca resorption
increase Ca reabsorption in kidney
inhibits Pi reabsorption
increases conversion of Vit D to 1,25 form

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19
Q

what is the net effect of vit D

A

bone formation

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20
Q

A deficiency in vit d can lead to what

A

decreased bone formation

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21
Q

What is the major organ of homeostasis

A

adrenal, suprarenal gland

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22
Q

What are the differences of the 2 main parts of adrenal gland

A

cortex and medulla
different in embryonic origin
differ in type and function of secretion

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23
Q

What embryologic structure is the cortex from

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

What is the function of cortex of adrenal gland

A

secretes corticosteroids and influences Ach and renin

affects carb, protein metabolisma and electrolyte distribution

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25
Q

What embryologic strucutre is the medulla of adrenal gland from

A

neroectoderm

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26
Q

what is the function of the medulla of adrenal gland

A 
secrete catecholamines(epi, Noreepi), affect HR, smooth m, carb, lipid metabolism
influenced by SANs (preganglionics)
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27
Q

Describe innervation of adrenal gland

A

preganglionic SAN synapse on medullary cells(bypass other ganglia) and postganglionics on vascular structures

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28
Q

Describe blood supply of adrenal gland and explain general reason why

A

endocrine organs need blood

superior middle and inferior suprarenal aa

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29
Q

What are the 3 intraglandular vascular routes

A 
subcapsular aa
short cortical aa
long cortical (medullary) aa
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30
Q

Describe the short cortical aa

A

arise from suprarenal aa and branch as sinusoids in cortex
sinusoids percolate through outer cortex and converge at inner cortex to empty into sinusoids
expose medullary cells to high steroid levels

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31
Q

describe the long cortical aa

A

penetrate cortex and go directly to medulla

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32
Q

How many blood supplies does the medulla get

A

2
from cortical sinusoids (capillaries)
medullary aa (direct)

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33
Q

Describe veins of medulla

A

veins coalesce in medulla to form central vein

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34
Q

What are the 3 layers of cortex of adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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35
Q

What kind of fibers affect adrenal gland medulla

A

both pre and post ganglionic SAN because affect cells AND blood supply

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36
Q

Describe the zona glomerulus

A

subscapular, spherical to columnar cells
extensive sER with tubular anastomotic network
numerous mitcohondria with flattened cristae

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37
Q

Describe the zona fasiculata

A

majority
large cells– large lipid droplets
long radially arranged cords, 1-2 cells thick with interspersed extensive capillaries,
mitochondria with round short tubular cristae
well developed sER, many gap junctions

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38
Q

Describe the zona reticularis

A

smalles population
little lipid, elongate mitochondria
eosinophilic with more glomerulosa or fasiculata
extensive lipofuscin pigment

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39
Q

What is important about the capillary network in cotex

A

so steroids can be secreted into blood very quickly

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40
Q

Where is steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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41
Q

Where is cholesterol stored to be made into steroids

A

lipid inclusions as fatty acyl esters

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42
Q

Where are the enzymes for steroid synthesis

A

in mitochondria and sER

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43
Q

What is meant by regional specialization of hormone synthesis in cortex of adrenal gland

A

means each area of cortex produces a different type

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44
Q

What is the function of the zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids (salt)

Aldosterone!

45
Q

What is the function of the zone fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids (sugar)

Cortisol!

46
Q

What is the role of cortisol

A

affect carb metabolism, anti-inflammatroy which induce conversion of norepi to epi

47
Q

What is the role of zona reticularis

A 
androgen precursors (sex)
dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
48
Q

What does hypersecretion of DHEA cause

A

precocious puberty in males

virilization and hirsuitism in females

49
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone

A

decreased plasma Na or plasma volume leading to renin secretion by kidney JG cells

50
Q

What is the effect of renin

A

angiontensinogen to angiotensin I

51
Q

What is the feedback from angiotensin II

A

feedback stimulates aldosterone

52
Q

What is the net effect of aldosterone

A

expanded fluid volume

increased in blood pressure

53
Q

Describe the brain’s role on aldosterone secretion

A

CRH and AVP in anterior pituitary cause release of ACTH which acts on adrenal gland to increase aldosterone release

54
Q

What stimulates cortisol release

A

ACTH from pituitary corticotrophs

55
Q

What else does ACTH cause

A

increase in sER and decrease cellular lipid (drawing from lipid pool to produce steroid)
increase cortical blood flow
increased cortisol synthesis and secretion
increase cotrical hypertrophy(not zona glomerulus)

56
Q

What is the result of hypophysectomy

A

opposite of ACTH effects

57
Q

What is the purpose of cortisol

A

increased blood glucose, aa mobilization and gluconeogenesis
antiinflammatory via inhibition of phospholipase A2, histamine and serotonin release
suppress immune response via T cell suppression(IL2) and lyses eosinophils
maintain vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
inhibit bone formation
increase GFR in keidny
decrease REM sleep

58
Q

Where does cortisol bind

A

nuclear R in nucleus to promote gene transcription of the glucocorticoid R

59
Q

A decrease in cortisol would have what effect on BP

A

hypotension

60
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on bone formation

A

decrease type I collagen
decrease osteoblast activity
decrease gut Ca absorption

61
Q

Why do people with cushings or extra cortisol have increased change psychosis

A

since decreases REM sleep

62
Q

How does cortisol increase GFR

A

cause vasodilation of afferent arterioles

63
Q

Where are androgen precursors taken up in body and what are their affects

A

testes and ovaries, stimulates testosterone and estrogen

64
Q

Which sex rely more on the androgen sex hormones

A

females,

males make testosterone in other areas to suffice

65
Q

What are the neuroendocrine target cells in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells

66
Q

What is the role of chromaffin cells and what do they look like

A

release secretions into blood

look like ganglion cell and basophilic due to presence in rER

67
Q

Describe the general path of catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine–> DOPA–> dopamine–>norepi–>epi

68
Q

The chormaffin cells have nissl bodies which are what

A

large number ribosomes

69
Q

What is the predominant catecholamine from adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

70
Q

What are the effects of glucocorticoids on epinephrin containing cells

A

norepi–> epi

71
Q

What stimulates release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells

A

Ach fomr preganglionic SAN

72
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine

A

increased glycogenolysis, FA mobilization
increas HR and BP
dilatation of coronary and skel mm vasculature
(constrict skin and GI vasculature)
increased alertness (brain stem reticular activiating system)
increased blood glucose

73
Q

How does epinephrine increase blood glucose

A

increased glucagon secretion and decreased insulin secretion

74
Q

why is it a hypothesis that pancreatic islets derive from neural crest

A

because intra-islet stem cells express neuronal markers(nestin– IM filament)

75
Q

how do we boradly differentiate betwen iselt cells with acinar cells

A

receive much much much more blood flow

76
Q

Where are islet cells derived from

A

endoderm, likely pancreatic duct

77
Q

Describe changes in growth of pancreatic islets through life

A

cells continue to proliferate during childhood

at maturity little capacity for growth and proliferation, except in pregnancy

78
Q

What influences growth of islet cells during pregnancy

A

lactogen and prolactin from placenta induce expansion of islet volume

79
Q

describe differences of islet size in tail and head

A

in tail more numerous but smaller

head less numerous and bigger

80
Q

What are the primary secretions from islet cells

A

insulin and glucagon

81
Q

what does glucagon promote

A

production of glucose from liver glycogen and glucose precursors

82
Q

what is required for insulin secretion

A

glucose metabolism

83
Q

describe synthesis of insulin

A

insulin mRNA carries message to produce pre-proinsulin
signal cleaved and proinsulin is released into rER to golgi apparatus
disulfide bonds formed
linking peptide C is cleaved to yield mature insulin molecule

84
Q

how are the granules with insulin translocated

A

microtubules facilitate movememnt
submembranous actin impedes contact with membrane until stimulated and then depolymerizes
requires Ca for vesicular fusion

85
Q

What are the 4 primary endocrine cell types

A

Beta-insulin, amylase
alpha- glucagon
delta- somatostatin
PP- pancreatic polypeptide

86
Q

What are the minor cell types in islets

A

delta-1: VIP
EC beta cells: secretin, motilin and substance P
epsilon: ghrelin

87
Q

What is the role of the signal sequence in insulin production

A

stop translation of protein until it is bound to rER

88
Q

What is the role of pancreatic polypeptide

A

stimulate gastric chief cells
inhibit bile secretion and intestinal motility
inhibit pancreatic enzymes and HCO3 secretion

89
Q

what is the role of VIP

A

hyperglycemic and glycogenolytic
affects secretory activity and motility in gut
stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion

90
Q

What is the role of secretin

A

sitmulates HCO3 secretion in pancreatic juice

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion

91
Q

describe the role of motilin

A

increase gastric and intestinal motility

92
Q

what is the role of substance P

A

has NT properties

93
Q

what is the role of ghrelin

A

sitmulate apetite

94
Q

Describe the hypothesized organization of islets based off rodent model

A

B cells in medulla

alpha, delta and PP in thin cortex

95
Q

If do not find C peptide in plasma what does this mean

A

insulin may not be formed, because C peptide is not being cleaved

96
Q

What allows insulin to crystalize

A

the zinc that links insulin together

97
Q

describe intercellular communication in islets

A

junctional via gap junctions

98
Q

describe blood supply of islets

A

islets receive more blood supply and flows central to peripheral

99
Q

What is the islet-acinar axis

A

efferent blood from islet enters acinar capillaries, so insulin can stimulate acinar cells

100
Q

What innervates the islets

A

SAN norepi inhibits insulin and sitmulates glucagon

PAN inn unclear

101
Q

In prolonged fasting what becomes major source of E

A

triacylglycerides

102
Q

What are the effects of insulin on blood level

A

decrease blood lgucose, decrease aa, FA, ketoacid and K levels in blood too

103
Q

What are the effects of glucagon in blood

A

increase glucose, FA and ketoacid in blood

104
Q

What are the actions of insulin

A

increase glucose uptake, increase glycogen formation and protein synthesis, and fat deposition and K uptake
decrease glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

105
Q

How does the liver take up glucose

A

GLUT 2

106
Q

how do skeletal muscle and adipose tissue take up glucose

A

insulin dependent GLUT4

107
Q

How does epinephrine and cortisol modulate insulin effects

A

downregulate GLUT4

108
Q

What glucose transporter is in the brain

A

insensitive to insulin, GLUT3

ENDO I (9 decks)

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