Heck hormone synthesis and signaling

Question 1

What are the classes of hormones

Answer 1

proteins, polypeptides
steroids
amines

Question 2

What is the largest class of proteins

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

What is the general secretory pathway for protein hormones

Answer 3

Nucleus
rER
sER
golgi
exocytosis

Question 4

What is the difference between constituitive and regulatory pathways

Answer 4

constituitive- involves ECM and plasma membrane components

REgulated- hormones and enzymes regulated at level of transcription or exocytosis

Question 5

steroids are synthesized from cholesterol how

Answer 5

from LDL in blood or de novo from acetyl-CoA

cholesterol is converted to the universal precursor, prenenolone

Question 6

Describe structure of steroid hormones

Answer 6

lipophilic

Question 7

What regulate steroid hormones

Answer 7

trophic hormones from pituitary
no intracell stores of hormone
synthesis and secretion closely linked

Question 8

What 2 tissues create protein hormones

Answer 8

adrenal cortex and gonads

Question 9

What protein hormones does the adrenal cortex create

Answer 9

cortisol synthesis
aldosterone
androgens

Question 10

what type of corticoid is aldosterone

Answer 10

minerlocoritcoid

Question 11

What protein hormones do the gonads secrete

Answer 11

ovary- estrogen or progesterone

testes- testosterone

Question 12

What is the origin of amine hormones

Answer 12

tyrosine

Question 13

what does dopamine turn into

Answer 13

tyrosine->DA->Ne->epi

Question 14

Know that dopamine acts as a NT and catecholamine too

Answer 14

Ok

Question 15

What do follicular cells of thyroid gland secrete into lumen

Answer 15

iodine and thyroglobulin

Question 16

Where does proteolysis of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin take place

Answer 16

endolysosome

Question 17

Where is noreepi and eli synthesized and stored

Answer 17

chromaggin granules

Question 18

What simtulates release of norepi and epi

Answer 18

SAN

Question 19

control centers for catecholamines detect what

Answer 19

end physiologic effect via BP (stretch R)

Question 20

How form do circulating hormones exist as

Answer 20

free or unbound
short term or quick acting
water soluble

Question 21

What hormones are water soluble

Answer 21

peptides and catecholamines

Question 22

Describe the characterisitics of hormones that are associated with binding proteins

Answer 22

long term, slow acting

fat soluble

Question 23

What type of hormones are fat soluble

Answer 23

steroid and thyroid hormones

Question 24

Describe difference of thyroid hormones because bound to thryoglobulin

Answer 24

extends half life and creates reservoir for blood

Question 25

Describe R for protein hormones

Answer 25

GPCR on cell surface coupled to cAMP phospholipase C and A2

Question 26

Describe the coupling to cAMP via GPCR

Answer 26

G proteins activates or inhibits adenyl cyclase, which modulates cAMP which acts on PKA to phosphorylate substrates

Question 27

Describe coupling of Phospholipase C to GPCR

Answer 27

G protein activakes PLC which cleaves PIP2 to IP3 and DAG IP3 releases ER Ca stores and activates Ca induced kinases like PKC DAG activates PKC

Question 28

describe coupling of phospholipase A2 to GPCR

Answer 28

activates G protein which results in activation of PLA2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids to produces lysophospholipid and arachidonic acid aa converted into eicosanoids

Question 29

Describe the activation and result of guanylyl cyclase

Answer 29

R itself is a guanylyl cyclase increasing intracell cGMP

Question 30

Describe mech of R tyrosine Kinase

Answer 30

initiates intracell cascade of Pi R may autophosphorylate themselves R may Pi cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (Tyrosine-kinase associated R)

Question 31

What type of R do steroid hormones usually bind

Answer 31

intracell receptors, cytosolic or nuclear

Question 32

What are hormone response elements

Answer 32

when steroid R activate they dimerize and bind 5' DNA sequences and initiate transcription

Question 33

What can cause dissociation of steroid R

Answer 33

chemical modifications that change confirmation

Question 34

Is receptor expression induced by steroid hormone itself

Answer 34

no

Question 35

What type of R do amine hormones bind to

Answer 35

cell surface R

Question 36

What does the intracell effect of amine hormones rely on

Answer 36

combination of R present

Question 37

describe types of amine hormones

Answer 37

adrenoreceptors | dopamine receptors

Question 38

What are the alpha adrenergic R

Answer 38

G protein inhibitory via alpha 2 alpha 1 coupled to phospholipase C which activates G protein that activates PLC--> PIP2-->IP3 and DAG induces PKC

Question 39

What NT mainly acts on alpha adrenergic R

Answer 39

norepinephrine

Question 40

What NT mainly acts on beta adrenergic R

Answer 40

epinephrine

Question 41

What type of pathway do the beta adrenergics stimulate

Answer 41

G protein stimulatory

Question 42

What are the dopaminergic R

Answer 42

GPCRs DA-1 DA-2

Question 43

Is DA-1 stimulatory? DA-2?

Answer 43

DA-1 is G protein stimulatory | DA-2 is G protein inhibitory

Question 44

Thyroid hormone is most similar to what other hormones

Answer 44

steroid

Question 45

Where is the thyroid hormone R

Answer 45

in the nucleus

Question 46

What occurs when T3 binds thyroid hormone Receptro

Answer 46

dimerizes with retinoid X receptor | Binds HREs to initiate transcription

Question 47

stopeed on slide 27

Answer 47

G proteins and 2nd messengers