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ENDO I > Heck hormone synthesis and signaling > Flashcards

Heck hormone synthesis and signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes of hormones

A

proteins, polypeptides
steroids
amines

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2
Q

What is the largest class of proteins

A

hormones

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3
Q

What is the general secretory pathway for protein hormones

A 
Nucleus
rER
sER
golgi
exocytosis
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4
Q

What is the difference between constituitive and regulatory pathways

A

constituitive- involves ECM and plasma membrane components

REgulated- hormones and enzymes regulated at level of transcription or exocytosis

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5
Q

steroids are synthesized from cholesterol how

A

from LDL in blood or de novo from acetyl-CoA

cholesterol is converted to the universal precursor, prenenolone

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6
Q

Describe structure of steroid hormones

A

lipophilic

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7
Q

What regulate steroid hormones

A

trophic hormones from pituitary
no intracell stores of hormone
synthesis and secretion closely linked

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8
Q

What 2 tissues create protein hormones

A

adrenal cortex and gonads

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9
Q

What protein hormones does the adrenal cortex create

A

cortisol synthesis
aldosterone
androgens

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10
Q

what type of corticoid is aldosterone

A

minerlocoritcoid

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11
Q

What protein hormones do the gonads secrete

A

ovary- estrogen or progesterone

testes- testosterone

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12
Q

What is the origin of amine hormones

A

tyrosine

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13
Q

what does dopamine turn into

A

tyrosine->DA->Ne->epi

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14
Q

Know that dopamine acts as a NT and catecholamine too

A

Ok

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15
Q

What do follicular cells of thyroid gland secrete into lumen

A

iodine and thyroglobulin

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16
Q

Where does proteolysis of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin take place

A

endolysosome

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17
Q

Where is noreepi and eli synthesized and stored

A

chromaggin granules

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18
Q

What simtulates release of norepi and epi

A

SAN

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19
Q

control centers for catecholamines detect what

A

end physiologic effect via BP (stretch R)

20
Q

How form do circulating hormones exist as

A

free or unbound
short term or quick acting
water soluble

21
Q

What hormones are water soluble

A

peptides and catecholamines

22
Q

Describe the characterisitics of hormones that are associated with binding proteins

A

long term, slow acting

fat soluble

23
Q

What type of hormones are fat soluble

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

24
Q

Describe difference of thyroid hormones because bound to thryoglobulin

A

extends half life and creates reservoir for blood

25
Q

Describe R for protein hormones

A

GPCR on cell surface coupled to cAMP phospholipase C and A2

26
Q

Describe the coupling to cAMP via GPCR

A

G proteins activates or inhibits adenyl cyclase, which modulates cAMP which acts on PKA to phosphorylate substrates

27
Q

Describe coupling of Phospholipase C to GPCR

A

G protein activakes PLC which cleaves PIP2 to IP3 and DAG
IP3 releases ER Ca stores and activates Ca induced kinases like PKC
DAG activates PKC

28
Q

describe coupling of phospholipase A2 to GPCR

A

activates G protein which results in activation of PLA2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids to produces lysophospholipid and arachidonic acid
aa converted into eicosanoids

29
Q

Describe the activation and result of guanylyl cyclase

A

R itself is a guanylyl cyclase increasing intracell cGMP

30
Q

Describe mech of R tyrosine Kinase

A

initiates intracell cascade of Pi
R may autophosphorylate themselves
R may Pi cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (Tyrosine-kinase associated R)

31
Q

What type of R do steroid hormones usually bind

A

intracell receptors, cytosolic or nuclear

32
Q

What are hormone response elements

A

when steroid R activate they dimerize and bind 5’ DNA sequences and initiate transcription

33
Q

What can cause dissociation of steroid R

A

chemical modifications that change confirmation

34
Q

Is receptor expression induced by steroid hormone itself

A

no

35
Q

What type of R do amine hormones bind to

A

cell surface R

36
Q

What does the intracell effect of amine hormones rely on

A

combination of R present

37
Q

describe types of amine hormones

A

adrenoreceptors

dopamine receptors

38
Q

What are the alpha adrenergic R

A

G protein inhibitory via alpha 2
alpha 1 coupled to phospholipase C which activates G protein that activates PLC–> PIP2–>IP3 and DAG
induces PKC

39
Q

What NT mainly acts on alpha adrenergic R

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

What NT mainly acts on beta adrenergic R

A

epinephrine

41
Q

What type of pathway do the beta adrenergics stimulate

A

G protein stimulatory

42
Q

What are the dopaminergic R

A

GPCRs
DA-1
DA-2

43
Q

Is DA-1 stimulatory? DA-2?

A

DA-1 is G protein stimulatory

DA-2 is G protein inhibitory

44
Q

Thyroid hormone is most similar to what other hormones

A

steroid

45
Q

Where is the thyroid hormone R

A

in the nucleus

46
Q

What occurs when T3 binds thyroid hormone Receptro

A

dimerizes with retinoid X receptor

Binds HREs to initiate transcription

47
Q

stopeed on slide 27

A

G proteins and 2nd messengers

ENDO I (9 decks)

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