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ENDO I > Histo, hypothalamus, pituitary > Flashcards

Histo, hypothalamus, pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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2
Q

What are the parts of the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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3
Q

The posterior pituitary is an extension of what

A

hypothalamus

median eminence and infundibulum

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4
Q

What is the pituitary derived from

A

oral ectoderm and floor of 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

What does the oral ectoderm turn into

A

Rathke’s pouch, from oral epithelium

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6
Q

What part forms the pars nervosa or posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum

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7
Q

What hormones are released from pituitary

A

growth hormone, ACTH, Thyroid stim hormone, gonadotropic hormones
melanocyte sitmulating hormone
prolactin, oxytocin, ADH

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8
Q

How does blood get to pituitary

A

blood enters median eminence and splits into superior and inferior hypophyseal aa and a 2nd capillary bed

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9
Q

what is supplied by superior hypophyseal aa

A

1st capillary bed in hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is supplied by inferior hypophyseal aa

A

capillaries in neurohypophysis

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11
Q

What is supplied by the second capillary bed

A

becomes pars distalis,

supplies anterior pituitary

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12
Q

what drains the 2nd capillary bed, or pars distalis

A

hypophyseal veins

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13
Q

What are the cell types in adenohypophysis (anteiror pituitary)

A

chromophobes, chromophils

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14
Q

What are the two types of chromophils

A

acidophils and basophils

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15
Q

What is another name for chromophobes

A

follicular cells

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16
Q

Describe the chromophobes of anteiror pituitary

A

stellate shaped, phagocytic maybe
few secretion granules
usually result in immature chromophils

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17
Q

What are the types of acidophils in the chromophils

A

somatotropes

mammotropes

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18
Q

What is the role of somatotropes

A

secrete growth hormone
stimulatesd growth of epiphyseal cartilage
stiulates somatomedin production

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19
Q

What is the role of somatomedin and where are its effects

A

in liver and kidney

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20
Q

What happens in hyper or hypo secretion in ant pituitary, specifically from somatotropes

A

hypersecretion leads to gigantism, acromegaly and GH diabetes
hyposecretion leads to hypopituitary dwarfism

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21
Q

What factors stimulate growth hormone

A 
decreased glucose [ ]
decreased FA concentration
arginine
fasting or starvation
estrogen/testosterone
exercise/stress
stage III IV sleep
alpha adrenergic agonists
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22
Q

What factors inhibit growth hormone

A 
increased glucose [ ]
increased FA [ ]
obesity
senescence
somatostatin
somatomedins
growth hormone
beta adrenergic agonists
pregnancy
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23
Q

What is gigantism

A

excessive GH from anterior pituitary in childhood

prior to epiphyseal plate closure

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24
Q

What is acromegaly

A

excessive growth hormone in adults

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25
Q

what is the role of mammotropes

A

secrete prolactin
regulate glucose sensitivity os islet beta cells
role in immune function

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26
Q

What is the function of prolactin

A

stimulates mammary gland development
preparatory to lactation and milk ejection
cells enlarge during pregnancy
influenced by estrogen

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27
Q

What factors stimulate prolactin

A 
pregnancy (estrogen)
breast feeding
sleep
stress
TRH
dopamine antagonists
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28
Q

What factors inhibit prolactin

A

dopamine
bromocripline (dopamine agonist)
somatostatin
prolactin (neg feedback)

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29
Q

What cells are found in basophils of the ant pituitary

A

corticotrophes
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs

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30
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete

A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
lipotropin

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31
Q

What is POMC

A

precursor to secretory products of cotricotropes

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32
Q

what is the role of ACTH

A

sitmulates adrenal corticosteroid secretion

most important

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33
Q

What is the function of MSH

A

not fully known
large doses do lead to hyperpigmentation
and primarily made in pars intermedia

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34
Q

What is the function of liptropin

A

mobilizes fat in some species, not clearly demonstrated in humans
Beta LPH and gamma LPH

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35
Q

What do gonadotropes secrete

A

FSH and LH

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36
Q

describe FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

female: follicular development
male: gametogenesis

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37
Q

describe LH

A

luteinizing hormone or interstitial cell secreting hormone (ICSH)

female: maturation of graadian follicle, development of corpus luteum, progesterone secreiton
male: stimulates androgen secretion by testicular interstitial cells

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38
Q

Why is it important to have a pulsatile secretion of GnRH

A

continuous infusion results in downregulation of LH and FSH secretion

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39
Q

What do thyrotropes secrete

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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40
Q

what is the function of thyroid hormone

A

stimulates thyroid gland to synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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41
Q

How are regulatory hormones transported to ant pituitary

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

42
Q

What are the regulatroy hormones that are released from median eminence

A 
GHRH
GHIH
PIH
PRH
TRH
CRH
FSHRH/LHRH (GnRH)
43
Q

What are the types of feedback that the regulatory hromones in ant pituitary have

A

positive/negative

direct and indirect

44
Q

What part of the brain is the post pituitary an extension of

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

What tracts control hypothalamus

A

CNS, PNS

46
Q

what nuclei are in post pituitary

A

supraoptic and PVN

47
Q

What tract makes up the post pituitary

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal

48
Q

Where do nerve terminals end and what do they have

A

abut on capillaries and store hormones

49
Q

Most cells in the post pituitary are what

A

pituicytes or glial cells

50
Q

Describe pituicytes

A

specialized neurons secrete into capillaries

have large dilatations called Herring Bodies

51
Q

What are herring bodies of post pituitary

A

have secretion granules and multilaminated membrane structure with a major store of secretory material

52
Q

What type of substances are in the secretion granules of pituicytes of post pituitary

A

oxytocin, neurophysin I

vasopressin and neurophysin II

53
Q

What two hormones are released in pars nervosa

A

vasopressin ADH

oxytocin

54
Q

Where is ADH from

A

supra-optic nucleus in hypothalamus

55
Q

Where is oxytocin from

A

PVN in hypothalamus

56
Q

how are ADH and oxytocin structurally different

A

different aa in two locations

57
Q

What are the names for carrier proteins released by post pituitary that carry the hormones

A

neurophysins

58
Q

Do neurophysins have a biological function

A

no

59
Q

In large doses what are the affects of ADH

in physiologic doese?

A

large- contract vasc sm muscle
raise BP
in physiological- regulate water retention/excretion

60
Q

low ADH results in what condition

A

diabetes insipidus

61
Q

what happens in diabetes insipidus

A

distal tubule is impermeable to water

62
Q

What regulates release of ADH

A

osmoreceptors in the brain

63
Q

What is the affect of oxytocin release

A

uterine wall contraction (childbirth)

myoepithelial cells of mammary epithelium

64
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

pineal gland

65
Q

Where is the pinneal gland located

A

posterior part of third ventricle

66
Q

What covers pinneal gland and what connects it

A

covered by pia mater and connected by short stalk

67
Q

What is structure within the pinneal gland

A

lamellar structures “corpora arenacea” brain sand

68
Q

What are the two cell types in pineal gland

A

pinealocytes and glial cells

69
Q

Describe pinealocytes

A

basophilic cytoplasm

large irregular lobate nuclei with defined nucleoli and produce melatonin and other peptides

70
Q

Describe glial cells of the pineal gland

A

astrocytes with elongated nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes
they are found around vessels and between pinealocytes

71
Q

What are the general affects on body from pineal gland secretions

A

circadian and seasonal biorhythms

72
Q

What stimulates release of melatonin

A

absence of light, photstimuli relayed by SAN and secretion increases in darkness

73
Q

The effects of melatonin release cause changes in secretion of what organs

A

gonads and other organs

74
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

two lobes connected by isthmus anterior and inferior to thyroid cartilage

75
Q

what type of inn goes to thyroid gland

A

ANS

76
Q

how does the thyroid gland develop

A

median evagination of endoderm from base of tongue

thyroglossal duct attaches to tongue thru foramen cecum

77
Q

What forms thyroglossal cysts

A

the patency of the thyroglossal duct

78
Q

the proliferating mass of the thyroid in development breaks into what

A

cords of cells that develop lumen upon formation of colloid

79
Q

What is unique about hormone storage in thyroid gland

A

stored extracellulary

80
Q

What are the endocrine cell types in thyroid cells

A

thyroid follicular cells

parafollicular cells

81
Q

describe thyroid follicular cells

A

enclose colloid

produce large glycoprotein– thyroglobulin

82
Q

What form of thyroglobulin is in the follicular cell of thyroid gland

A

T4 thyroxine. T3 is the active form

83
Q

What do the parafollicular cells secrete

A

calcitonin

84
Q

What is the function of calcitonin

A

lower blood Ca

inhibits bone resorption by directly inhibiting osteoclasts

85
Q

Describe the histo of parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

A

large ovoid cells with poorly stained cytoplasm

dense core with secretion granules

86
Q

How do blood plasma Ca levels effect calcitonin release

A

increase in plasma Ca increase calcitonin

87
Q

Describe histo of thyroid follicular cells

A

continuouse layer cuboidal epithelium with central mass of colloid which is mainly thryoglobulin

88
Q

how does follicular diameter change constanly

A

less active follicles– flattneed shape with increased colloid
more active follicles- tall columnar follicular cells with reduced colloid

89
Q

Describe steps in thyroid hormone synthesis

A 
make thyroglobulin and exocytose into lumen
transport I- into cell against gradients
oxidse I via thryoid peroxidase
change iodine into MIT and DIT
couple DIT + DIT= T4 and DIT + MTI=T3
endocytosis of TG
proteolysis of iodinated thyroglobulin releases T3 and T4
deiodination and recycling
90
Q

What inhibits the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

propylthiouracil

91
Q

How do T4 and T3 circulate in blood

A

bound to thyroid-binding globulin and sometimes to albumin and transthyretin

92
Q

What is more bound in blood T4 or T3

A

T4

93
Q

What is the more active thyroid hormone and why

A

T3 because highger affinity for Receptro

94
Q

Majority of thyroid hormone is in what form

A

T4

95
Q

How does majoirty of T4 get convereted to T3

A

many tissues have deiodinases

96
Q

What stimulate thyroid hormone

A

TSH
thyroid stimulating Igs
increased TBG levels (pregnancy)

97
Q

What factors inhibit thyroid hormone

A 
I- deficiency
deiodinase deficiency
excessive I- intake
percholate: thiocyanate
Propylthiouracil
decreased TBG levels
98
Q

Describe what lack of iodine or deficiency can lead to

A

hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreased colloid

goiter

99
Q

What is Hashimotos autoimmune thyroiditis

A

causes autoimmune destruction of follicular cells
leads to myxedema in adults
cretinism in children

100
Q

What is the most common hyperthyroidism disease

A

Graves
autoimmune circulating IgG bind follicular cell and mimic TSH
constant, unregulated stimulation of gland

ENDO I (9 decks)

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