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ENDO I > Histo, hypothalamus, pituitary > Flashcards

Histo, hypothalamus, pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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2
Q

What are the parts of the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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3
Q

The posterior pituitary is an extension of what

A

hypothalamus

median eminence and infundibulum

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4
Q

What is the pituitary derived from

A

oral ectoderm and floor of 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

What does the oral ectoderm turn into

A

Rathke’s pouch, from oral epithelium

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6
Q

What part forms the pars nervosa or posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum

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7
Q

What hormones are released from pituitary

A

growth hormone, ACTH, Thyroid stim hormone, gonadotropic hormones
melanocyte sitmulating hormone
prolactin, oxytocin, ADH

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8
Q

How does blood get to pituitary

A

blood enters median eminence and splits into superior and inferior hypophyseal aa and a 2nd capillary bed

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9
Q

what is supplied by superior hypophyseal aa

A

1st capillary bed in hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is supplied by inferior hypophyseal aa

A

capillaries in neurohypophysis

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11
Q

What is supplied by the second capillary bed

A

becomes pars distalis,

supplies anterior pituitary

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12
Q

what drains the 2nd capillary bed, or pars distalis

A

hypophyseal veins

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13
Q

What are the cell types in adenohypophysis (anteiror pituitary)

A

chromophobes, chromophils

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14
Q

What are the two types of chromophils

A

acidophils and basophils

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15
Q

What is another name for chromophobes

A

follicular cells

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16
Q

Describe the chromophobes of anteiror pituitary

A

stellate shaped, phagocytic maybe
few secretion granules
usually result in immature chromophils

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17
Q

What are the types of acidophils in the chromophils

A

somatotropes

mammotropes

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18
Q

What is the role of somatotropes

A

secrete growth hormone
stimulatesd growth of epiphyseal cartilage
stiulates somatomedin production

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19
Q

What is the role of somatomedin and where are its effects

A

in liver and kidney

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20
Q

What happens in hyper or hypo secretion in ant pituitary, specifically from somatotropes

A

hypersecretion leads to gigantism, acromegaly and GH diabetes
hyposecretion leads to hypopituitary dwarfism

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21
Q

What factors stimulate growth hormone

A 
decreased glucose [ ]
decreased FA concentration
arginine
fasting or starvation
estrogen/testosterone
exercise/stress
stage III IV sleep
alpha adrenergic agonists
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22
Q

What factors inhibit growth hormone

A 
increased glucose [ ]
increased FA [ ]
obesity
senescence
somatostatin
somatomedins
growth hormone
beta adrenergic agonists
pregnancy
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23
Q

What is gigantism

A

excessive GH from anterior pituitary in childhood

prior to epiphyseal plate closure

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24
Q

What is acromegaly

A

excessive growth hormone in adults

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25
what is the role of mammotropes
secrete prolactin regulate glucose sensitivity os islet beta cells role in immune function
26
What is the function of prolactin
stimulates mammary gland development preparatory to lactation and milk ejection cells enlarge during pregnancy influenced by estrogen
27
What factors stimulate prolactin
``` pregnancy (estrogen) breast feeding sleep stress TRH dopamine antagonists ```
28
What factors inhibit prolactin
dopamine bromocripline (dopamine agonist) somatostatin prolactin (neg feedback)
29
What cells are found in basophils of the ant pituitary
corticotrophes thyrotrophs gonadotrophs
30
What do corticotrophs secrete
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) lipotropin
31
What is POMC
precursor to secretory products of cotricotropes
32
what is the role of ACTH
sitmulates adrenal corticosteroid secretion | most important
33
What is the function of MSH
not fully known large doses do lead to hyperpigmentation and primarily made in pars intermedia
34
What is the function of liptropin
mobilizes fat in some species, not clearly demonstrated in humans Beta LPH and gamma LPH
35
What do gonadotropes secrete
FSH and LH
36
describe FSH
follicle stimulating hormone female: follicular development male: gametogenesis
37
describe LH
luteinizing hormone or interstitial cell secreting hormone (ICSH) female: maturation of graadian follicle, development of corpus luteum, progesterone secreiton male: stimulates androgen secretion by testicular interstitial cells
38
Why is it important to have a pulsatile secretion of GnRH
continuous infusion results in downregulation of LH and FSH secretion
39
What do thyrotropes secrete
thyroid stimulating hormone
40
what is the function of thyroid hormone
stimulates thyroid gland to synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
41
How are regulatory hormones transported to ant pituitary
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
42
What are the regulatroy hormones that are released from median eminence
``` GHRH GHIH PIH PRH TRH CRH FSHRH/LHRH (GnRH) ```
43
What are the types of feedback that the regulatory hromones in ant pituitary have
positive/negative | direct and indirect
44
What part of the brain is the post pituitary an extension of
hypothalamus
45
What tracts control hypothalamus
CNS, PNS
46
what nuclei are in post pituitary
supraoptic and PVN
47
What tract makes up the post pituitary
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
48
Where do nerve terminals end and what do they have
abut on capillaries and store hormones
49
Most cells in the post pituitary are what
pituicytes or glial cells
50
Describe pituicytes
specialized neurons secrete into capillaries | have large dilatations called Herring Bodies
51
What are herring bodies of post pituitary
have secretion granules and multilaminated membrane structure with a major store of secretory material
52
What type of substances are in the secretion granules of pituicytes of post pituitary
oxytocin, neurophysin I | vasopressin and neurophysin II
53
What two hormones are released in pars nervosa
vasopressin ADH | oxytocin
54
Where is ADH from
supra-optic nucleus in hypothalamus
55
Where is oxytocin from
PVN in hypothalamus
56
how are ADH and oxytocin structurally different
different aa in two locations
57
What are the names for carrier proteins released by post pituitary that carry the hormones
neurophysins
58
Do neurophysins have a biological function
no
59
In large doses what are the affects of ADH | in physiologic doese?
large- contract vasc sm muscle raise BP in physiological- regulate water retention/excretion
60
low ADH results in what condition
diabetes insipidus
61
what happens in diabetes insipidus
distal tubule is impermeable to water
62
What regulates release of ADH
osmoreceptors in the brain
63
What is the affect of oxytocin release
uterine wall contraction (childbirth) | myoepithelial cells of mammary epithelium
64
What is the epiphysis
pineal gland
65
Where is the pinneal gland located
posterior part of third ventricle
66
What covers pinneal gland and what connects it
covered by pia mater and connected by short stalk
67
What is structure within the pinneal gland
lamellar structures "corpora arenacea" brain sand
68
What are the two cell types in pineal gland
pinealocytes and glial cells
69
Describe pinealocytes
basophilic cytoplasm | large irregular lobate nuclei with defined nucleoli and produce melatonin and other peptides
70
Describe glial cells of the pineal gland
astrocytes with elongated nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes they are found around vessels and between pinealocytes
71
What are the general affects on body from pineal gland secretions
circadian and seasonal biorhythms
72
What stimulates release of melatonin
absence of light, photstimuli relayed by SAN and secretion increases in darkness
73
The effects of melatonin release cause changes in secretion of what organs
gonads and other organs
74
Where is the thyroid gland located
two lobes connected by isthmus anterior and inferior to thyroid cartilage
75
what type of inn goes to thyroid gland
ANS
76
how does the thyroid gland develop
median evagination of endoderm from base of tongue | thyroglossal duct attaches to tongue thru foramen cecum
77
What forms thyroglossal cysts
the patency of the thyroglossal duct
78
the proliferating mass of the thyroid in development breaks into what
cords of cells that develop lumen upon formation of colloid
79
What is unique about hormone storage in thyroid gland
stored extracellulary
80
What are the endocrine cell types in thyroid cells
thyroid follicular cells | parafollicular cells
81
describe thyroid follicular cells
enclose colloid | produce large glycoprotein-- thyroglobulin
82
What form of thyroglobulin is in the follicular cell of thyroid gland
T4 thyroxine. T3 is the active form
83
What do the parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin
84
What is the function of calcitonin
lower blood Ca | inhibits bone resorption by directly inhibiting osteoclasts
85
Describe the histo of parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
large ovoid cells with poorly stained cytoplasm | dense core with secretion granules
86
How do blood plasma Ca levels effect calcitonin release
increase in plasma Ca increase calcitonin
87
Describe histo of thyroid follicular cells
continuouse layer cuboidal epithelium with central mass of colloid which is mainly thryoglobulin
88
how does follicular diameter change constanly
less active follicles-- flattneed shape with increased colloid more active follicles- tall columnar follicular cells with reduced colloid
89
Describe steps in thyroid hormone synthesis
``` make thyroglobulin and exocytose into lumen transport I- into cell against gradients oxidse I via thryoid peroxidase change iodine into MIT and DIT couple DIT + DIT= T4 and DIT + MTI=T3 endocytosis of TG proteolysis of iodinated thyroglobulin releases T3 and T4 deiodination and recycling ```
90
What inhibits the thyroid hormone synthesis
propylthiouracil
91
How do T4 and T3 circulate in blood
bound to thyroid-binding globulin and sometimes to albumin and transthyretin
92
What is more bound in blood T4 or T3
T4
93
What is the more active thyroid hormone and why
T3 because highger affinity for Receptro
94
Majority of thyroid hormone is in what form
T4
95
How does majoirty of T4 get convereted to T3
many tissues have deiodinases
96
What stimulate thyroid hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating Igs increased TBG levels (pregnancy)
97
What factors inhibit thyroid hormone
``` I- deficiency deiodinase deficiency excessive I- intake percholate: thiocyanate Propylthiouracil decreased TBG levels ```
98
Describe what lack of iodine or deficiency can lead to
hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreased colloid | goiter
99
What is Hashimotos autoimmune thyroiditis
causes autoimmune destruction of follicular cells leads to myxedema in adults cretinism in children
100
What is the most common hyperthyroidism disease
Graves autoimmune circulating IgG bind follicular cell and mimic TSH constant, unregulated stimulation of gland

ENDO I (9 decks)

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