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Endo/Repro > Histo Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Histo Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Thyroid gland

right lobe, isthmus, left lobe

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2
Q
A

Thyroid follicle

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3
Q

Thyroid

  • Cell type
A

varies from cuboidal (inactive) to columbar (active) with increasing activity

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4
Q
A

Follicle is bracket, colloid is circle.

inactive at this stage, pretty cuboidal, storing our secretion which is the colloid

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5
Q
A

follicular epithelium in bracket, colloid

inactive at this stage

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6
Q

what are these cells, where are they found, what do they produce

A

parafollicular or C cells, found in isolated clusters between follicles or within the follicular epithelium

produce calcitonin

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7
Q
A

L to R

follicular epithelium, colloid, C cell

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8
Q

Parathyroid glands

what do they make, what are the cell populations

A

pth hormone

chief (principle) cells,

oxyphil (acidophilic) cells

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9
Q
A

top to bottom

parathyroid gland, capsule, thyroid gland

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10
Q
A

Chief cells on left closer together, oxyphil cells on right

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11
Q
A

A chief, B oxyphil

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12
Q

Hypothalamus Location

floor of?

forms what?

A

floor of diencephalon, forms part of wall of 3rd ventricle

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13
Q

Parts of the Anterior pituitary

Parts of the Posterior pituitary

A

pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, pars distalis

infundibular stalk, pars nervosa

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Adenohypophysis

what? where does it come from, what % of pituitary, type of tissues, controlled by?

A

anterior pituitary arises from oral ectoderm, constitutes 80% of pituitary, glandular epithelial cells, controlled by neurohormones

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16
Q

Neurohypophysis

what? where does it come from? controlled by? what does it store?

A

posterior pituitary, develops from neural ectoderm, controlled by neurons, axons from hypothalamus carry ADH and oxytocin there for storage

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17
Q

what is this?

components?

-tissue type, tissue arrangement, capillary type (makes up what),

A

pars distalis, aka pars anterior

glandular epithelial cells arranged in thick cords, has a connective tissue stroma, fenestrated capillaries make up part of the secondary capillary plexus

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18
Q

what is secreted by the pars distalis?

A
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19
Q

Cells of pars distalis are classified into two groups,

what are they? what are their staining characteristics?

A

top to bottom pars distalis, chromophobes, chromophils

Chromophils: granules readily take up H/E stain-blue pink

chromophobes: less affinity for stains

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20
Q

two kinds of chromophils

which ones are pink, which ones are purple

A

pink are acidophils, purple are basophils, bottom right are chromophobes

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21
Q
A

top acidophil bottom basophil

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22
Q

Function?

A

chromophobe funtion is unknown, they dont produce hormones

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23
Q

What are the three arrows pointing to?

function?

consists of?

unique feature?

A

it is the pars intermedia

funciton unknown

consists of small basophils, colloid-filled follicles lined by pale cuboidal cells

often has a cleft (remnant of rathke’s pounch)

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24
Q

What is this structure? function?

composed of?

A

infundibulum, suspends pituitary gland from the hypothalamus

comsposed of neural portion, and surrounding pars tuberalis

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25
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Neurohypophysis: storage for? what produces these two hormones?
storage site for ADH, and Oxytocin supraoptic nuclei makes adh, pvn makes oxytocin
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Pars Nervosa: appearance? composed of?
looks like unorganized brain tissue composed of pituicytes, unmyelinated axons (nerve fibers), and fenestrated capillaries
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Pituicytes: what do they look like? shape of nuclei? function?
glial like cells with elongated cells with long processes oval nuclei appear to support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus
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what are herring bodies? what do they contain
expanded axon terminals filled with stored neurosecretory materials -oxytocin and adh
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Pituitary blood supply what supplies median eminence and infundibulum? what supplies pars nervosa? what doesnt have direct blood supply?
superior hypophyseal arteries supply median eminence and infundibulum, inferior hypophyseal arteries supply the pars nervosa no direct blood supply to anterior pituitary
37
hypothalamohyophyseal portal circulation what gives rise to the primary capillary plexus? what do the hypophyseal portal veins drain into
superior hypophyseal arteries give rise to the primary plexus in the median eminence and they collect hypothalamic secretions hypophyseal portal veins drain the primary capillary plexus and deliver blood into the secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis
38
where is the third capillary plexus derived from? what does it do?
derived from the inferior hypophyseal artery, supplies and collects secretions from neruohypophysis
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venous drainage of pituitary
pitiuitary glands secrete hormones--\>diffuse into capillaries--\>hypophyseal veins--\> venous sinuses (petrosal and caveronous)
40
pineal gland is developed from a posterior outpocketing of what? what is its role? how is it regulated?
developed from a posterior outpocketing of the roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle, attached to diencephalon via pineal stalk role in growth, development, and regulation of circadian rhythyms regulated by sympathetic nerves
41
Pineal gland capsule is derived from what? what/how is it subdivided into incomplete lobules? what does the pineal gland consist of?
capsule is derived form pia mater, capsule sends trabeculae and septa into the gland subdividing it into incomplete lobules consists of: pinealocytes, neuroglial cells, calcified granular material (brain sand), NO NEURONS
42
what are these cells and what are their functions?
pinealocytes manufacture melatonin at night and serotonin during daylight--\> circadian rhythym
43
what are these cells and what are their functions
neuroglial cells they are interstitial cells with smaller denser nuclei (vs pinealocytes), and they function to support pinealocytes
44
what are these slides featuring? what are they made by and what are they made of? when?
brain sand is secreted by pinealocytes, it is a matrix of calcium phosphate, becomes present in early childhood and evident in second decade, no effect on function
45
pineal gland, calcified so it is a good marker for midline of the brain. (top of triangle)
46
exocrine pancreas
47
what are these cells
islets of langerhans in the pancreas
48
core of islet contains what cells? mantle contains what cells?
core contains insulin producing B cells mantle contains A,D,F
49
Alpha cells do what?
secrete glucagon into the blood in response to low blood glucose levels picture is stained for glucagon
50
beta cells what do they secrete? how many are there?
secrete insulin in response to high levels of glucose in blood, most numerous cell in islet slide stained for insulin
51
D cells secrete what? what does it do?
secretes somatostatin and gastrin, inhibits the release of other islet cell hormones (insulin and Glucagon) slide stained for somatostatin
52
what do F cells secrete? what does it do?
secrete pancreatic polypeptide, which inhibits the secretion of somatostatin slide stained for PP
53
Endocrine pancreas innervation
done by the pancreatic plexus (mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic) Sympathetic stimulation decreases insulin parasympathetic increases insulin and glucagon secretion
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blood supply to pancreas
55
what is this a slide of?
56
what is the organization of the suprarenal gland?
capsule, cortex with three layers (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis), and then it has a medulla
57
what gland is this, what are the structures
suprarenal gland
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what gland, what are the layers
59
what does the cortex of the suprarenal gland secrete
Zona Glomerulosa: produces mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone Zona Fasciculata: produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol, corticosterone Zona Reticularis: produces androgens such as DHEA, and Androstenedione
60
arrangement of cells in the zona glomerulosa? what do some of the cells contain?
closely packed, rounded clusters of cells aka glomeruli some cells contain droplets of lipids
61
glomerulus of zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal gland
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Zona fasciulata: what volume of suprarenal gland? arrangement of cells? Cell type? Capillaries? what do they produce?
75% of total volume of suprarenal gland, arranged in vertical columns aka fasicles, cells are spongiocytes, which have an accumulation of lipid droplets fenestrated capillaries separate the adjacent columns produce glucocorticoids
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Zona reticularis what type of cord network? what type of granules
contains irregular cords form an anastomosing network large and numerous lipofuscin granules
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Types of cells in suprarenal medulla what are they a modification of?
contain epinephrine chromaffin cells contain norepinephrine chromaffin cells they are both modified postsynaptic sympathetic cells
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how do you tell the difference between the types of chromaffin cells in the medulla of the Suprarenal gland?
epinephrine secreting cells are smaller, granules are lighter norepi cells are larger, denser granules (electron dense)
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blood supply to the suprarenal gland?
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Plexi of the suprarenal gland -what forms the capsular plexus? what forms the subcapsular plexus and where?
capsular plexus is formed from the superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries subcapsular plexus is produced by the capsular plexus and is located in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex
70
what does the subcapsular plexus do? what does it pass through?
produces fenestrated cortical capillaries, which pass through the zona fasciculata to the zona reticularis and medulla
71
Where do medullary arteries come from and what do they do?
capsular plexus produces medullary arteries (long cortical arteries) that bypass the cortex and go directly to the medulla
72
dual blood supply of the medulla of the suprarenal gland comes from?
medullary arteries and the fenestrated cortical capillaries
73
Draingage of the medulla of the suprarenal gland
blood from the medullary arteries and fenestrated cortical capillaries collects in the medullary venous sinuses and drains into the central vein of the medulla from the central veins, blood then empties into the suprarenal vein and into the renal vein \*there are no veins in the suprarenal cortex
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Endo/Repro (10 decks)

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