HISTO - Connective tissue Flashcards
1
Q
The connective tissues (CT) are diverse group of tissues that share a common origin from the _____
A
mesenchyme
2
Q
Provides for COHESION of other structural elements
Serves as the MEDIUM through which blood vessels are distributed to nourish the organs
ELIMINATION the waste products of cellular metabolism
A
connective tissues (CT)
3
Q
fibers are moderately abundant and loosely interwoven
- binds and support parenchyma
A
Loose CT
4
Q
stable population of long-lived, relatively immobile FIBROBLASTS
- produce and maintain the surrounding fibers
- secrete the AMORPHOUS Ground Substance of the extracellular matrix
A
Fixed cells
5
Q
heterogenous population of motile cells of limited life span that emigrate from the blood And wander among the fibers
- tissue defense normally present in limited numbers but may increase during inflammation
A
Free cells
6
Q
fibers are very abundant and densely packed
A
Dense CT
7
Q
fibers are closely interwoven in random orientation
A
Dense Irregular CT
8
Q
fibers are closely packed in parallel bundles as in tendon,
or in flat sheets, as in aponeuroses
A
Dense Regular CT
9
Q
translucent material in which the cells and fibers of CT are embedded
A
GROUND SUBSTANCE
10
Q
its aqueous phase is the medium which nutrients and waste products pass in between blood and parenchymal cells of the organs
A
GROUND SUBSTANCE
11
Q
consists mainly of glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide, a class of macromolecules that are long, linear polymers of disaccharide subunits
A
GROUND SUBSTANCE
12
Q
principal function is to bind together and support the parenchyma of the organs in the body, but it
has recently become apparent that it has other
important roles
A
loose connective tissue
13
Q
ground substance residues can be detected by use of certain dyes that undergo a change in color on
binding to it, a staining property called
A
metachromasia
14
Q
takes on a purple color when bound to
the ground substance
A
toluidine blue
15
Q
GS t can also be stained with __
owing to the numerous polysaccharide chains on
some of its molecules.
A
periodic-acid-Schiff reaction
16
Q
The stainable components of the ground
substance were formerly classified as
term has fallen into disuse
A
acid mucopolysaccharides
17
Q
Major glycosaminoglycans:
A
- chondroitin sulfate
- keratan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
- hyaluronic acid
18
Q
which is abundant in loose connective tissue in joint fluid and in the vitreous humor of the eye, is a very large molecule made up of some 5000 disaccharides in a chain that would be nearly 2.5 u.m in length
A
Hyaluronic acid
19
Q
One of its important properties is
its high viscosity in aqueous solution, which
contributes to the gel-like consistency of the
ground substance
A
Hyaluronic acid
20
Q
most invasive species of
bacteria are those that have acquired the ability to produce the enzyme ______________ to depolymerize the hyaluronic acid of the ground substance.
A
hyaluronidase
21
Q
fluid accumulates in the extracellular matrix resulting a swelling of the tissue, called _____________.
A
edema
22
Q
colorless strands, 0.5 - 10 um diameter
- acidophilic, stains pink with eosin,
- blue with Mallory’s trichrome, and
- green with Masson’s trichrome stain
A
COLLAGEN FIBERS
23
Q
They are unbranched and, in loose connective tissue, they appear to be randomly oriented
A
COLLAGEN FIBERS
24
Q
The __________ are polymers of collagen molecules, each 300 nm in length and 1.4 nm in diameter
A
unit fibrils
25
smallest fibers exhibit birefringence, indicating that CF are made up of submicroscopic subunits oriented parallel to the
fiber axis
26
CF id made up of 3 polypeptide chains called __________ that makes up a triple helix chain held together by hydrogen bond
α-chains
27
a solution of collagen and serum-glycoprotein is dialyzed against water,
fibrils are formed that have a periodicity of
240 nm instead of 67 nm.
fibrous long-spacing collagen (FLS-collagen)
28
Precipitation of collagen from acid solution by addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
does not result in fibrils but short segments
about 300 nm long.
segment long-spacing collagen (SLS-collagen)
29
form quarter-staggered fibrils and can be localized by means of labeled antibody techniques
Types I, II, III, V, and IX
30
is the most ubiquitous, occurring in the dermis, bone, tendon, fascia, and in the capsules of organs
Type-I collagen
31
cross-striated fibrils, 50—90 nm in diameter,
aggregate to form collagen fibers and fiber bundles of a wide range of sizes
Type-I collagen
32
fibers are flexible but offer great resistance to tension
Type-I collagen
33
breaking force of the tendon, composed
of this type of collagen, is reached at several
hundred kilograms per square centimeter
Type-I collagen
34
found in hyaline and elastic cartilage, nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, vitreous body of the eye
Type II collagen
35
forms very thin fibrils embedded GS
No larger fibers are formed
visible only polarizing microscope stain with picro-sirius
Type II collagen
36
abundant in loose connective tissue, in the walls of blood vessels, in the stroma of various glands, and in the spleen, kidney, and uterus
Type III collagen
37
argyrophilic fibers traditionally called reticular fibers
Type III collagen
38
Collagens __________ which form microscopically visible fibers are referred to as INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENS
to distinguish them form a larger group of collagens that are detectable in tissue sections only by means
of fluorescein-labeled antibody
I, II, and III
39
specialized form largely restricted to the basal lamina of epithelia
Type IV collagen
40
with laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan
forms a close meshwork of fine filaments that is the physical support of epithelia and a selective filtration barrier for macromolecule
Type IV collagen
41
widespread occurrence but is present only in very small amounts.
Type V collagen
42
associated with the external lamina of smooth
and striated muscle fibers
basal lamina of epithelia
also associated with the interstitial collagens where it may be involved in linkage within and between
fibers.
Type V collagen
43
short-chain molecule consisting of a triple helical segment about 100 nm in length with globular domains
Type VI collagen
44
present in small amounts, along with Type I and Type III
Type VI collagen
45
assemble laterally into tetramers
polymerize end-to-end forming thin fibrils 5-10 nm in diameter
prominent knobs or beads with a periodicity of 110 nm
Type VI collagen
46
cornea of the eye it
makes up nearly 25% of the total collagen
Type VI collagen
47
* associated with the basal lamina of many epithelia
* most abundant at the dermo-epidermal junction of the skin
Type VII collagen
48
its molecules are the largest of the collagen family, 800 nm
Type VII collagen
49
aggregates form anchoring fibrils that loops around the basal lamina of the epithelium
forming loops around the underlying type-I and type III collagen fibers of the dermis
Type VII collagen
50
terminate in anchoring plaques of type-IV collagen
They serve to stabilize and firmly anchor the
epithelium to the dermis.
Type VII collagen
51
secretory product of endothelial cells or endothelial collagen.
Type VIII collagen (endothelial collagen)
52
major component of Descement’s membrane (basal lamina for corneal endothelium)
Type VIII collagen (endothelial collagen)
53
found mainly in cartilage
differs from fibrillar collagens
Type IX collagen
54
maintain the 3-dimensional arrangement
of the type-II collagen fibers in the matrix
coextensive with type-II collagen fibers
Type IX collagen
55
also confined to cartilage surrounding the hypertrophic chondrocytes involved in endochondral bone formation
Type X collagen
56
play some role in the calcification of the matrix
Type X collagen
57
associated with Type II collagen in cartilage
Type XI collagen
58
discovered in the screening of a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of tendon fibroblasts
It has some properties in common with type-IX collagen
Type XII collagen
59
The largest, up to 15 um in diameter, are bundles of smaller fibers and they often have a wavy course if not under tension
type I
60
loose connective tissue contains networks of very thin, 0.5—2.0-p.m, fibers traditionally called ______
reticular fibers
61
widespread in connective tissue
intercellular clefts of smooth muscle
acini of glands
epithelium of hollow organs
Reticular fibers
62
Collagen and elastin are not the only fibrillar components of connective tissue
FIBRILLIN
ELASTIC FIBERS
63
8-10 nm in diameter, nonsulfated 350kD glycoprotein
FIBRILLIN
64
defective or deficient in Marfan Syndrome, a hereditary disorder of CT characterized by excessively long arms and legs and prone to aortic rupture
FIBRILLIN
65
uniform small diameter and their tendency to branch and rejoin to form a loose network
ELASTIC FIBERS
66
ligamenta flava of the vertebral column
ligamentum nuchae of ruminants, 4-5 um
Elastic ligaments
67
Elastic fibers consist of an amorphous core
of ______ surrounded by the microfibrillar glycoprotein fibrillin.
elastin
68
is composed of nonpolar amino acids and, in contrast to collagen, it contains little hydroxyproline and no hydroxylysine
Elastin
69
has an alanine content higher than that of any known protein
and contains two unique amino acids, desmosine and isodesmosine
Elastin
70
occur in connective tissues
throughout the body but they are especially
abundant in organs that must yield to externally or internally applied force, and then return to their original shape
Elastic fibers
71
The connective tissue in the alveolar
septa of the lung is rich in
elastic fibers
72
The aorta, the large blood vessel conducting blood
away from the heart, is distended by the outflow at each contraction of the ventricles
elastic recoil of its wall
73
involved in the interaction of the cells with the extracellular matrix.
ADHESION GLYCOPROTEINS
74
the attachment of other cell types is mediated by adhesion glycoproteins :
fibronectin,
laminin, and
thrombospondin
75
is a large glycoprotein of 440,000
molecular weight (MW)
constituent extracellular matrix of connective tissue, the basal lamina of epithelia, and the external lamina that envelops smooth and striated muscle fibers
Fibronectin
76
receptor for fibronectin
interact with a variety of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix.
integrins
77
is synthesized by the liver cells and by endothelial cells.
It binds to fibrin and may have a significant role in blood clotting.
Plasma fibronectin
78
is a large glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about one million.
Laminin
79
most abundant constituent of the basal lamina
Laminin
80
is an adhesive glycoprotein of 450,000 MW first identified as a product of activated platelets, secreted during
blood clotting
Thrombospondin
81
It binds to fibrinogen, plasmalogen, and plasmalogen activator and is an essential participant in
blood clotting
Thrombospondin
82
synthesized by the fibroblasts of connective tissue, by endothelial cells, and by smooth muscle cells
THROMBOSPONDIN
83
constant association of fusiform cells
with collagen fibers led early histologists to
conclude that these so-called _________ produced the connective tissue fibers
fibroblasts
84
fixed cells:
fibroblasts that secrete and maintain the extracellular components
adipose cells that store and release lipids to be used as an energy source
85
circulating in the blood:
eosinophils,
monocytes,
lymphocytes,
macrophages,
plasma cells that differentiate from lymphocytes, and
mast cells
86
The connective tissues develop from the
embryonic tissue called .
mesenchyme
87
are small fusiform or stellate cells not easily distinguished from fibroblasts.
mesenchymal cells
88
are the cells that produce the extracellular components of developing connective tissue.
fibroblasts
89
become relatively inactive in fiber formation, some histologists prefer to call them
fibrocytes
90
are fixed cells of
the connective tissue specialized for the syn¬
thesis and storage of lipid
adipose cells or fat cells
91
play a role in the maintenance of normal tissues by ingesting dead cells and cellular debris and other
particulate matter and breaking them down
with their lysosomal enzymes
macrophages (or histiocytes)
92
first line of defense against infection, voraciously ingesting and destroying invading bacteria.
macrophages (or histiocytes)
93
______motile cells of varying shape that wandered through the ground substance, and
_____________sessile cells that were stretched out along collagen fibers and had a shape not unlike that of fibroblasts.
free macrophages
free macrophages,
94
all highly phagocytic cell types and their monocyte precursor, but excludes the controversial sinuoidal endothelia and other cells that take up only small amounts of vital dye by pinocytosis, instead of by phagocytosis.
Van Furth (1969)
mononuclear phagocyte system
95
are rarely found in normal connective tissue but they are included here,
among its free cells, because they may gather
in great numbers at sites of inflammation.
Neutrophils
96
seem to be more responsive to
parasitic infestations than they are to bacterial
infections
Eosinophils
97
which are the principal agents of the immune system, are found in small numbers in the connective tissue throughout the body,
but they are more abundant in the
stroma of lymphoid organs and in the lamina
propria of the intestinal tract.
Lymphocytes
98
are widely distributed in the connective tissue. They arise by further differentiation of B lymphocytes and are major producers of humoral antibody.
Plasma cells
99
are the largest of the free
cells of the connective tissue and are easily
identified by the numerous basophilic gran¬
ules in their cytoplasm, which may obscure
the nucleus.
mast cells
100
histamine released by mast cells
in the connective tissue of the nasal mucosa
results in increased permeability of the capillaries and consequent swelling of the mucosa,
accompanied by sneezing and nasal discharge.
hay fever
101
of the body are lined
by serous membranes
major cavities
102
lining the
abdominal cavity
peritoneum
103
lining the
thoracic cavity.
pleura
104
is a form of loose connective
tissue in which argyrophilic reticular fibers
(type-III collagen) are the dominant fibrous
component, forming a wide-meshed network.
Reticular tissue
105
very large amount of amorphous ground substance that is unusually rich in hyaluronic acid
MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
106
great preponderant of fibrous components and relatively few cells.
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
107
is found in the dermis of the skin; the
capsules of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes;
the tunica albuginea of the testis; the dura
mater of the brain; and the sheaths of large
nerves.
Dense connective tissue
108
fiber bundles are relatively coarse and interwoven in a compact meshwork with little space occupied by
cells and ground substance.
DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
109
occurs as robust cylindrical cords or flat sheets of closely
approximated coarse collagen fibers that give
the tissue a glistening white appearance in the
fresh state.
DENSE REGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
110
Broad flat muscles do not have cylindrical
tendons, but are attached to their insertions by
thin sheets of dense regular connective tissue,
called
aponeuroses
111
The invasion of tissues by microorganisms triggers a local response of the connective tissue called
acute inflammation
112
