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2A flash > histo chapt 2: cytoplasm > Flashcards

histo chapt 2: cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

the first zygotic cellular divisions produce cells called

A

blastomeres

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2
Q

explanted to tissue culture cells of the cell mass are called

A

embryonic stem cells

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3
Q

they predominantly express sets of genes that mediate specific cytoplasmic activities

A

differentiation

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4
Q

all animals contain ____ ____ and _____, but most ______ _____ are specialized for using these proteins to convert chemical energy into forceful contractions

A

actin filaments, myosins, muscle cells

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5
Q

envelops every eukaryotic cells consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with oligosaccharide chain

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

functions as a selective barrier

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

are amphipathix, consisting of two nonpolar long chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar head that bears a phosphate group.

A

membrane phospholipids

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8
Q

the site where materials are exchanged between the cell and its environment.

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

transports small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer

A

diffusion

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10
Q

multipass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ion or small molecules pass selectively.

A

channels

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11
Q

water molecules usually cross the plasm membrane through channel proteins

A

aquaporins

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12
Q

transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate the across the membrane via conformational changes

A

carriers

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13
Q

normally enter cells by being enclosed within folds of plasma membrane

A

macromolecules

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14
Q

three major types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

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15
Q

molecules interact like the struts of geodesic dome

A

clathrin

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16
Q

a dynamic collection on the peripheral cytoplasm of membranous tubules and vacuoles

A

endosomal compartment

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17
Q

small GTPases that bind guanin nucleotides and associated proteins

A

Rab proteins

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18
Q

movement of large molecules from inside to outside the cell usually involves vesicular transport on the process of _______

A

exocytosis

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19
Q

is used for products that are released from cells continuously

A

constitutive secretions

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20
Q

occurs in response to signals coming from the cells

A

regulated secretion

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21
Q

process of membrane movement and recycling is called

A

membrane traffiking

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22
Q

the signal molecules are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.

A

endocrine signaling

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23
Q

the chemical ligan diffuses in extracellular fluid but rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source

A

paracrine signaling

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24
Q

a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cell through special contact are called ______

A

synaptic signaling, synapses

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25
Q

signal bind receptors on the same cells that produce the messenger molecule

A

autocrine signaling

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26
Q

bind surface receptors of the target cell when two cells make direct physical contact

A

juxtacrine signaling

27
Q

three important functional classes of such receptors

A

Channel-linked receptors
enzymatic receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors

28
Q

bind guanine nucleotide GTP, and are release to activate other cytoplasmic proteins

A

G-protein-coupled-receptors

29
Q

open associated channels upon ligand binding to promote transfer of molecules or ions across the membrane

A

Channel-linked receptors

30
Q

ligand binding catalytic activity on associated peripheral proteins

A

enzymatic receptors

31
Q

in a cell membrane can be considered first messengers

A

ligands binding

32
Q

assemble polypeptides from amino acids on molecules of transfer RNA

A

Ribosomes

33
Q

the cytoplasm of most cells contain a convoluted membranous network

A

endoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

a major site for vital cellular activities

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

inhibits further polypeptide elongation

A

signal-recognition particle

37
Q

has a highly regulated system to precent nonfunctional proteins being forwarded to the pathway for secretion or the other organelles.

A

RER

38
Q

regions of ____ lack bound polyribosomes

A

SER

39
Q

not basophilic and is best seen with the TEM

A

SER

40
Q

allows detoxification of potentially harmful exogenous molecules

A

Cytochrome P450

41
Q

modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vehicle

A

Golgi apparatus

42
Q

transport cellular material

A

vesicles

43
Q

digest microbes or materials

A

lysosomes

44
Q

detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell

A

peroxisomes

45
Q

synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

46
Q

engage in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

47
Q

maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells

A

cytoskeleton

48
Q

maintain cell shape, support microvilli

A

microfilaments

49
Q

provide structural support; stabilize junctions between cells

A

intermediate filaments

50
Q

maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize and move organelles

A

microtubules

51
Q

organize microtubules; participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

A

centrosome

52
Q

degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins; unsure quality of exported proteins

A

proteasomes

53
Q

serves as temporary storage for these molecules

A

inclusions

54
Q

the command center of the cell

A

nucleus

55
Q

forms a selectively permeable barrier between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments

A

nuclear envelop

56
Q

closely associated with the inner nuclear membrane is a highly organized meshwork of proteins

A

nuclear lamina

57
Q

bind to membrane proteins and associate with chromatin in nondividing cells

A

lamins

58
Q

display eightfold symmetry around a lumen

A

nucleo porins

59
Q

consists of DNA and all of the associated proteins involved in the organization and function of DNA

A

chromatin

60
Q

DNA associating with sets of small basic proteins called

A

histones

61
Q

the structural unit of DNA and histones is called the

A

nucleosome

62
Q

visible as finely dispersed granular material in the electron microscope and as lightly stained basophilic areas in the microscope

A

Euchromatin

63
Q

appears as coarse, electron-dense material in the electron microscope and as intensely basophilic clumps in the light microscope``

A

Heterchromatin

64
Q
A

2A flash (11 decks)

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