antimicrobial Flashcards
a chemical substance produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit or kill other microorganisms
Antibiotics
they can be synthesized via chemical procedures, that are independent of microbial activity
Antibiotics
effective against a limited number of pathogens
naarow-spectrum
what are the antibiotic examples under Narrow spectrum
bacitracin, clindamycin, dapsone,
erythromycin, gentamicin, isoniazid,
penicillin, polymyxin b, and vancomycin
destroys different kinds of organisms
Broad spectrum
what are the antibiotic examples under Broad spectrum
ampicillin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, tetracycline
your antibiotic can be classified as:
Narrow spectrum
Broad spectrum
classification of antibacterial drugs:
Natural drugs
semi-synthetic drugs
synthetic drugs
type of antibacterial drug that is produced by bacteria or fungi
Natural drug
modified natural drugs with added chemical groups
semi-synthetic drugs
antibacterial drugs that are under the semi-synthetic drugs
ampicillin, carbenicillin,
methicillin
a type of antibacterial drug that is chemically produced drugs
synthetic drugs
antibacterial drugs that are under synthetic drugs
sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, dapsone
a natural drug that produce a bactiracin antibiotic
bacillus subtilis
natural drug that produce a polymyxin antibiotic
Bacillus polymyxa
Cephalosporium produces what kind of antibiotic
Cephalosporin
what is the source (microorganism) that produces gentamicin
Micromonospora purpurea
what is the source of erythromycin
streptomyces erythraeus
what is the source of Neomycin
streptomyces fradiae
what antibiotic does streptomyces nodosus produces
amphotericin B
what antibiotic does streptomyces noursei produces
nystatin
what is the source of chloramphenicol
streptomyces venezuelae
classification on action are:
Bacteriostatic agents
Bactericidal agents
agents that inhibit bacterial growth; but generally, they do not kill the microorganisms
Bacteriostatic agents
these are examples of your bacteriostatic agents
chloramphenicol,
dapsone, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, and tetracycline
agents that usually kill or destroy organisms; use for life-threatening infections
bactericidal agents
examples of your bactericidal agents
aminoglycosides—gentamicin, amikacin, and streptomycin;
beta-lactams, glycopeptides, isoniazid, rifampicin,
quinolones, bacitracin, and metronidazole
the antimicrobial agents must be in an _____
active form
the antibiotic must be able to ____ at the site of infection that is ________ to be considered active
achieve sufficient concentration, higher than MIC( minimum inhibitory concentration)
the antimicrobials must have______
selective toxicity
this are the most selective antibiotics with high therapeutic index
Cell-wall inhibitor
these drugs are effective against Gram-positive bacteria
Cell-wall inhibitors
examples of cell wall inhibitors
Bacitracin, B-lactams, carbenicillin
the core of the anti-bacterial property
Beta-lactam ring
Beta-lactam ring bind to the _____ involved in the cell wall cross-linking, inhibiting ______ and ______
penicillin-binding proteins, transpeptidation, cell wall synthesis
types of beta-lactams
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,
and monobactams
bind to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptide-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates
Glycopeptides
blocks the transpeptidation step by preventing the incorporation of the intermediates into the peptidoglycan chain
Glycopeptides
glycopeptides bind to the _____ of the _______
substrate, transpeptidation enzyme
the clinical spectrum is limited to
gram-positive microorganisms
these antibiotics bind to the 30s subunit resulting in the misreading of mRNA and thus interfering with aminoacyl-tRNA binding
Protein-synthesis inhibitors
protein-synthesis inhibitors bind with the ______ resulting in the inhibition of ____________ and ___________
50S, peptidyl-transferase, peptide chain elongation
These drugs target the _______ and _____
Gram-positive and Gram-negative species
aerobic, anaerobic
inhibitor drugs that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and
spectinomycin
inhibitor drugs that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin,
clindamycin, and streptogramins
inhibitor that blocks the initial step in protein synthesis
linezolid
the primary antimicrobial agents that target DNA metabolism are the _______ and _________
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole
fluoroquinolones and metronidazole are an example of what
nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
derivatives of _______; interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and are highly effective for _______ like ________:
nalidixic acid, enteric bacteria, E. coli
disrupts DNA and is effective against anaerobic bacteria
Metronidazole
its action is related to the presence of __________ in the chemical structure
a nitro group
the nitro group is _____ by a __________ in the ____________
reduced, nitroreductase, bacterial cytoplasm
inhibits RNA polymerase; inhibits RNA synthesis
Rifampicin
does not effectively penetrate the outer member membrane of the most gram-negative bacteria
rifampicin
the folic acid pathway is mediated by two key enzymes, _________ and _________, which mediate the formation of _______________ from dihydrofolate
dihydropteroate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, tetrahydrofolate (THF)
competitively inhibits the binding of the structural analog aminobenzoic acid with dihydropteroate synthase
Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)
prevents the dihydrofolate reductase-mediated recycling of folate coenzymes, blocks the formation of THF
trimethoprim
are synthetic drugs that don’t exist in nature
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
cord factor is found in the cell wall if TMP
isoniazid-cord factor inhibitor
