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2A flash > antimicrobial > Flashcards

antimicrobial Flashcards

1
Q

a chemical substance produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit or kill other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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2
Q

they can be synthesized via chemical procedures, that are independent of microbial activity

A

Antibiotics

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3
Q

effective against a limited number of pathogens

A

naarow-spectrum

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4
Q

what are the antibiotic examples under Narrow spectrum

A

bacitracin, clindamycin, dapsone,
erythromycin, gentamicin, isoniazid,
penicillin, polymyxin b, and vancomycin

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5
Q

destroys different kinds of organisms

A

Broad spectrum

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6
Q

what are the antibiotic examples under Broad spectrum

A

ampicillin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, tetracycline

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7
Q

your antibiotic can be classified as:

A

Narrow spectrum
Broad spectrum

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8
Q

classification of antibacterial drugs:

A

Natural drugs
semi-synthetic drugs
synthetic drugs

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9
Q

type of antibacterial drug that is produced by bacteria or fungi

A

Natural drug

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10
Q

modified natural drugs with added chemical groups

A

semi-synthetic drugs

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11
Q

antibacterial drugs that are under the semi-synthetic drugs

A

ampicillin, carbenicillin,
methicillin

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12
Q

a type of antibacterial drug that is chemically produced drugs

A

synthetic drugs

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13
Q

antibacterial drugs that are under synthetic drugs

A

sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, dapsone

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14
Q

a natural drug that produce a bactiracin antibiotic

A

bacillus subtilis

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15
Q

natural drug that produce a polymyxin antibiotic

A

Bacillus polymyxa

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16
Q

Cephalosporium produces what kind of antibiotic

A

Cephalosporin

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17
Q

what is the source (microorganism) that produces gentamicin

A

Micromonospora purpurea

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18
Q

what is the source of erythromycin

A

streptomyces erythraeus

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19
Q

what is the source of Neomycin

A

streptomyces fradiae

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20
Q

what antibiotic does streptomyces nodosus produces

A

amphotericin B

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21
Q

what antibiotic does streptomyces noursei produces

A

nystatin

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22
Q

what is the source of chloramphenicol

A

streptomyces venezuelae

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23
Q

classification on action are:

A

Bacteriostatic agents
Bactericidal agents

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24
Q

agents that inhibit bacterial growth; but generally, they do not kill the microorganisms

A

Bacteriostatic agents

25
Q

these are examples of your bacteriostatic agents

A

chloramphenicol,
dapsone, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, and tetracycline

26
Q

agents that usually kill or destroy organisms; use for life-threatening infections

A

bactericidal agents

27
Q

examples of your bactericidal agents

A

aminoglycosides—gentamicin, amikacin, and streptomycin;
beta-lactams, glycopeptides, isoniazid, rifampicin,
quinolones, bacitracin, and metronidazole

28
Q

the antimicrobial agents must be in an _____

A

active form

29
Q

the antibiotic must be able to ____ at the site of infection that is ________ to be considered active

A

achieve sufficient concentration, higher than MIC( minimum inhibitory concentration)

30
Q

the antimicrobials must have______

A

selective toxicity

31
Q

this are the most selective antibiotics with high therapeutic index

A

Cell-wall inhibitor

32
Q

these drugs are effective against Gram-positive bacteria

A

Cell-wall inhibitors

33
Q

examples of cell wall inhibitors

A

Bacitracin, B-lactams, carbenicillin

34
Q

the core of the anti-bacterial property

A

Beta-lactam ring

35
Q

Beta-lactam ring bind to the _____ involved in the cell wall cross-linking, inhibiting ______ and ______

A

penicillin-binding proteins, transpeptidation, cell wall synthesis

36
Q

types of beta-lactams

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,
and monobactams

37
Q

bind to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptide-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

A

Glycopeptides

38
Q

blocks the transpeptidation step by preventing the incorporation of the intermediates into the peptidoglycan chain

A

Glycopeptides

39
Q

glycopeptides bind to the _____ of the _______

A

substrate, transpeptidation enzyme

40
Q

the clinical spectrum is limited to

A

gram-positive microorganisms

41
Q

these antibiotics bind to the 30s subunit resulting in the misreading of mRNA and thus interfering with aminoacyl-tRNA binding

A

Protein-synthesis inhibitors

42
Q

protein-synthesis inhibitors bind with the ______ resulting in the inhibition of ____________ and ___________

A

50S, peptidyl-transferase, peptide chain elongation

43
Q

These drugs target the _______ and _____
Gram-positive and Gram-negative species

A

aerobic, anaerobic

44
Q

inhibitor drugs that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and
spectinomycin

45
Q

inhibitor drugs that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin,
clindamycin, and streptogramins

46
Q

inhibitor that blocks the initial step in protein synthesis

A

linezolid

47
Q

the primary antimicrobial agents that target DNA metabolism are the _______ and _________

A

fluoroquinolones, metronidazole

48
Q

fluoroquinolones and metronidazole are an example of what

A

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

49
Q

derivatives of _______; interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and are highly effective for _______ like ________:

A

nalidixic acid, enteric bacteria, E. coli

50
Q

disrupts DNA and is effective against anaerobic bacteria

A

Metronidazole

51
Q

its action is related to the presence of __________ in the chemical structure

A

a nitro group

52
Q

the nitro group is _____ by a __________ in the ____________

A

reduced, nitroreductase, bacterial cytoplasm

53
Q

inhibits RNA polymerase; inhibits RNA synthesis

A

Rifampicin

54
Q

does not effectively penetrate the outer member membrane of the most gram-negative bacteria

A

rifampicin

55
Q

the folic acid pathway is mediated by two key enzymes, _________ and _________, which mediate the formation of _______________ from dihydrofolate

A

dihydropteroate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, tetrahydrofolate (THF)

56
Q

competitively inhibits the binding of the structural analog aminobenzoic acid with dihydropteroate synthase

A

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)

57
Q

prevents the dihydrofolate reductase-mediated recycling of folate coenzymes, blocks the formation of THF

A

trimethoprim

58
Q

are synthetic drugs that don’t exist in nature

A

sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

59
Q

cord factor is found in the cell wall if TMP

A

isoniazid-cord factor inhibitor

2A flash (11 decks)

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