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Histo & Neuro Part 2 > HISTO: Cartilage, Bone > Flashcards

HISTO: Cartilage, Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is a general characteristic of cartilage

A
  • abundant ECM o type 2 fibrils
  • no vascular
  • GAGs
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2
Q

What is function of cartilage

A

mechanical stress, diffusion, weight, shock absorber, model for bone

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3
Q

types of cartilage:

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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4
Q

characteristic of hyaline cartilage

A

matrix containing type II collagen fibers

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5
Q

elastic cartilage characteristic

A

elastic fibers and lamellae in addition to hyaline

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6
Q

fibrocartilage charateristic

A

abundant type I collagen fibers in addition to hyaline

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7
Q

hyaline collagen matrix is synthesized by

A

chondrocytes

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8
Q

types of molecules that make hyaline cartilage matrix

A

collagen
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

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9
Q

which collagen fibers are used in hyaline cartilage

A

type 2**
type 9, 11
type 6, 10

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10
Q

which proteoglycans are found in hyaline cartilage

A

GAGs:
AGGRECAN
hyaluronan
chondroitin sulfate

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11
Q

The most important proteoglycan monomer in hyaline cartilage is

A

aggrecan - water affinity

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12
Q

which multiadhesive proteins are found in hyaline cartilage

A

anchorin CII - collagen receptor on chondrocytes
fibronectin and tenascin - anchor chondrocytes to matrix

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13
Q

chondrocytes function:

A

produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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14
Q

cell line from mesenchymal cell in cartilage:

A

growing cartilage - chondroblast - chondrocytes

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15
Q

function of chondroblast

A

secrete ecm and form lacuna

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16
Q

chondrocytes secrete:

A

matrix and MMP (degrades matrix) proteoglycans

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17
Q

what is an insterstitial growth - isogenous group

A

mitotic activity

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18
Q

what TF triggers cell differentiation into chondroblasts which secrete matrix

A

SOX-9

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19
Q

what are the types of cartilage growth

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

3 components layers of hyaline cartilage matrix

A

intrterritorial matrix - fibrils
territorial matrix - collagen 2, 9, protegylcans
capsular matrix - proteoglycans, collagen 6, 9

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21
Q

which type cartilage forms model of skeleton in fetus

A

hyaline cartilage as growth plstes

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22
Q

what type of hyaline cartilage is in adults

A

articular cartilage - synovial and costal, nasal, bronchi, larynx

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23
Q

why is hyaline cartilage highly hydrated

A

resilience and diffusion of small metabolites

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24
Q

how can cartilage repair occur

A

if perichondrium is involved, type I collagen

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25
Q

Cartilage at the proximal and distal end of the bone serves as growth sites called

A

epipheseal growth plates

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26
Q

Hyaline cartilage of articular joint surfaces do not posses

A

perichondrium

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27
Q

Degenerative joint disease related to aging

A

ostheoarthritis

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28
Q

what plays important part in ostheoarthritis

A

chondrocytes: produce interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor a, so type II colagen is inhibited

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29
Q

is a more severe form where the immune system attacks the cartilage, bone and synovial membrane

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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30
Q

what does elastic cartilage form

A

auricles, auditory tube larynx

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31
Q

elastic cartilage differs from hyalin because

A

larger chondrocytes, yellowish, does not calcifty, less matrix

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32
Q

Elastic cartilage is distinguished by the presence of

A

elastin in cartilage matrix

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33
Q

which cartilage need specialized tint to view

A

elastic cartilage

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34
Q

what does fibrocartilafe form

A

IV discs, symphisis pubis, knee joint

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35
Q

what is fibrocartilage composed of

A

dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

what makes fibrocartilage different than hyaline and elastic

A

no perichondrium present

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37
Q

what type of collagen is fibrocartilage

A

type I mainly and type II

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38
Q

in older age. fibrocartilage is mostly collagen type:

A

II because of metabolic activity of chondrocytes

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39
Q

a proteoglycan monomer secreted by fibroblasts in fibrocartilage

A

versican

more than aggrecan (hyaline)

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40
Q

IV disc degeneration is associated with:

A

proteolytic degradation of proteoglycan aggregates

41
Q

what collagen in tumor is associated with good prognosis

A

type 2 and 10

42
Q

what collagen in tumor is associated with poor prognosis

A

type I

43
Q

what can affect hyaline cartilage

A

hormones and vitamins a, c, d

44
Q

what is bone (special ct) characterized by

A

mineralized matrix

45
Q

mineralized matrix is made of

A

calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

46
Q

to visualize organic component study technique

A

decalcified

47
Q

to visualize inorganic component study technique

A

ground bone - undecalcified

48
Q

secreted by osteoblasts

A

extracellular matrix and osteoid

49
Q

major fibers of bone

A

collagen type I

50
Q

disease of collagen type I in bone

A

osteogenesis imperfecta - brittle bones

51
Q

multiadhesive glycoproteins of bone include:

A

osteonectin, osteopontin and sialoproteins

52
Q

Bone-specific vitamin K- dependent proteins:

A

osteocalcin
protein s
Gla-proteins - vascular calcification

53
Q

bone growth factors and cytokines include:

A

IGFs, TNF-a, TGF-b, BMPs, ILs

54
Q

used clinically to induce bone growth after bone surgery involving large bone defects, spinal fusions, or implantation of graft materials

A

BMP-7 = OP-1

55
Q

bone matrix contains ___ connected by canaliculi

A

lacunae

56
Q

small tunnels extended by osteocytes

A

canaliculi

57
Q

osteocyte processes communicate by

A

gap junctions

58
Q

bone cell types:

A

osteoprogenitors - osteoblast - osteocyte - bone lining - osteoclast

59
Q

osteoctyes are used for

A

intramembranous ossification

60
Q

bone tissue is classified by

A

spongy cancellous or compact dense

61
Q

bone coverings include

A

periosteum
endosteum

62
Q

growth of bone tissue is

A

appositional

63
Q

Mature bone is composed of structural units called

A

osteons (Haversian system)

64
Q

lateral canal in bones

A

Volkmann’s canals

65
Q

The matrix in immature woven bone stains more intensely with

A

hematoxylin

66
Q

markers of osteoblastic activity

A

TNAP and osteocalcin

67
Q

responsible for the calcification of the bone matrix

A

osteoblast

68
Q

true or false: the majority of osteoblasts undergo apoptosis

A

true

69
Q

released from the osteoblast at the osteoblast–osteoid interface

A

matrix vesicles

70
Q

what forms hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Ca2+ and PO4

71
Q

current concept of osteocytic remodeling is that the osteocyte is responsible for

A

calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis

72
Q

osteocyte functional states:

A

quiescent - few rer and m
formative - more rer and golgi
resorptive - rer, golgi, m and l

73
Q

part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System

A

osteoclast

74
Q

responsible for bone resorption

A

osteoclast

75
Q

essential for osteoclast differentiation and maturation

A

RANK and rank ligand RANKL

76
Q

Osteoclasts when actively resorbing bone, exhibit 3 specialized regions

A

ruffled border, clear zone, basolateral region

77
Q

the most important regulator of calcium and phosphate levels in the extracellular fluid

A

PTH parathyroid hormone

78
Q

what is the function of PTH?

A

-increases bone mass in osteocytes and osteoblast CAMP
-increase RANKL causing osteoporisis

79
Q

what does estrogen and OPG suppress?

A

cytokines RANKL production by T lymphocytes

80
Q

reduces osteoclastic activity

A

calcitonin

81
Q

marker for osteoclastic activity

A

TRAP

82
Q

causes osteopetrosis, a congenital disease bone mass - defective osteoclast function

A

less cathepsin K, carbonic anhydrase II

83
Q

characterized by progressive loss of normal bone density accompanied by the deterioration of its microarchitecture

A

osteoporosis

84
Q

what initiates intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal condensation - week 8

85
Q

mesenchyme bone cells differentiate into

A

osteoprogenitor cells and CBFA1 TF

86
Q

plays a role in fracture repair

A

intramembranous ossification

87
Q

what parts interconnect with each other and form trabeculae in Intramembranous ossification

A

bone spicules

88
Q

how does endochondral ossification begin

A

by 12th week FGFs and BMPs

89
Q

first signs of ossification

A

bony collar

90
Q

chondrocytes in the midregion become hypertrophic and synthesize

A

alkaline phosphatase

91
Q

This first site when bone begins to form in the dyaphysis of a long bone is

A

primary ossification center

92
Q

develops in the proximal epiphysis

A

secondary ossification center

93
Q

Hyaline cartilage persists between the two epiphyses as

A

epiphyseal plate

94
Q

cartilage is replaced by

A

bone

95
Q

Growth in length of long bones depends on the presence of the

A

epiphyseal plates

96
Q

epiphyseal plate zones (5):

A

reserve cartilage - resting
proliferation
hypertrophy - mature VEGF
calcified cartilage
resorption - spicules

97
Q

The initial response to the bone injury produces a

A

fracture hematoma

98
Q

what fills the gap at the fracture site producing a soft callus

A

fibrocartilage

99
Q

what forms after bone necrosis in a fracture

A

soft callus which is then calcified into hard callus

Histo & Neuro Part 2 (13 decks)

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