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HSF Block 2 > Histo - Blood > Flashcards

Histo - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different cells found in blood?

A

Agranulacytes:

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

Granulacytes:

  • Basophils
  • Neutrolphils
  • Eosinophils

Eryrthrocytes:

  • RBC

Other:

  • Platelets
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2
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Basics:

  • Blood = connective tissue
    • CT = cells + extracellular matrix
  • Blood cells
  • Plasma
    • Fluid
    • Contain ECM proteins
    • Contaiin other proteins (carried in blood)
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3
Q

What are the 3 formed elements of blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
    • Fxn: oxygen + CO2 transport
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
    • Fxn: protection from infection + immune response
      • granulocytes
      • agranulocytes
  3. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
    • Fxn: clot formation
      • pieces from larger cell (megakaryocyte)
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4
Q

What are the major plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
  4. Fibrinogen
    • and other factors involved in clotting
  5. Complement proteins
    • involved w/ inflammation & immune response
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5
Q

What are the majority of cells in this image?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Basics:

  • Develop in bone marrow
    • regulated by erythropoietin (kidney)
  • Anucleated, bi-concave disks
  • Life span = 60 - 120 days
  • Breakdown = spleen

Function:

  • Hemoglobin
    • Transports O2 –> tissues
    • Transports CO2 –> to lungs

Formation:

  • Fetal = Liver
    • can be reactivated during disease processes
  • Neonatal/Adult = Bone Marrow
    • Red = due to abundance of RBC forming
    • Yellow = due to presence of fat
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6
Q

What is highlighted in this image?

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Basics:

  • Anucleated cell fragments
  • Derived from megakaryocytes which are:
    • foamy
    • multisegmented nuclei (polyploid)
    • undergo endomitosis (DNA replication w/o cell division)

Function:

  • Important for clot formation
    • platelet aggregation = start of clot formation
    • trapped in fibrin meshwork
    • clot stops flow of blood for wound repair

Formation:

  • From megakaryocytes
    • under regulation of thrombopoietin
    • plasma membrane invaginates to form open canalicular system
      • central region = granulomere (organelles)
      • periphery = hyalomere (MT & microfilaments)
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7
Q

What is happening in this image?

A

Clot formation

(platelets trapped in fibrin meshwork)

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Granulocytes

  1. Eosinophils​
    • bi-lobed
    • pink granules
  2. Neutrophils
    • multi-lobed
  3. Basophils
    • bi-lobed
    • blue granules

These fall under the category of Leukocytes (WBCs)

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9
Q

What type of cell is in this image?

A

Neutrophils

Basics:

  • Neutral granules
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • AKA:
    • polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    • Polys
    • PMNs
    • Segs

Function:

  • Phagocytose bacteria (via opsonization)
    • kill via reactive oxygen species

Granules:

  • Azurophilic (primary) granules: lysosomes
    • Myeloperoxidase
    • Lysozyme
    • Defensins
  • Specific (secondary) granules: visible
    • Collagenases
    • Bactericidal proteins
    • Inflammatory mediators
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10
Q

What is this?

A

Neutrophil

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11
Q

What type of cell is in this image?

A

Eosinophils

Basics:

  • Eosinophilic (pink granules)
  • Bilobed nucleus

Function:

  • Fragmentation of parasites
  • Can trigger asthma

Granules:

  • Azurophilic granules
    • lysosomes
  • Specific granules
    • Major basic protein (core) – HAMBURGERS
    • Eosinophilic peroxidase
    • Inflammatory mediators
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12
Q

What is this cell?

A

Eosinophil

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13
Q

What cell is in this image?

A

Basophils

Basics:

  • Basophilic (blue) granules
  • Bi- or Multi-lobed nucleus

Function:

  • Allergic reactions
  • Parasitic infections
    • immediate = asthma
    • delayed = allergic skin reaction

Granules:

  • Azurophilic granules
    • lysosomes
  • Specific granules
    • Heparin
      • anticoagulant
    • Histamine
      • increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins
      • allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues
    • Inflammatory mediators

Note:

  • Similar to Mast cells
  • Rare in normal blood smear
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14
Q

What is this cell?

A

Basophil

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?

A

Agranulocytes

  1. Monocytes
    • Largest WBCs
    • Differentiate into macrphages in tissue
  2. Lymphocytes
    • Immune response
    • B/T cells + Natural killer cells

Note:

  • Both are types of leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Both have NO granules
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16
Q

What cell is in this image?

A

Lymphocytes

Basics:

  • No granules
  • Single lobed nucleus
  • LITTLE cytoplasm

Function:

  • Cell-mediated immunity (T-lymphocytes)
  • Humoral or Ab immunity (B-lymphocytes)
  • Innate immunity (NK cells)

Granules:

  • Only azurophilic granules
    • lysosomes
  • Not visible
17
Q

What is this cell?

A

Lymphocyte

18
Q

T vs. B Lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes

  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Mature in thymus
  • Types:
    • Helper Ts (CD4)
    • Cytotoxic Ts (CD8)
    • Suppressor (CD4 or 8)
    • Memory T cells
  • Usually found alone
    • migrate thru epithelium

B lymphocytes:

  • Humoral immunity
  • Mature in Bone Marrow
  • Types:
    • Memory B
    • Differentiate into Plasma Cells
      • secrete Abs
  • Usually found in clusters
    • in lymphoid nodules

Notes:

  • Both = part of ADAPTIVE immunity
  • Both = found in lymphoid nodules
19
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer (NK) Cells?

A

Basics:

  • “Null” cell population
    • Not T, not B….but type of lymphocyte (generic)
      • fight pathogens the same way each time
      • no memory

Function:

  • Part of INNATE immunity
    • cell-mediate cytotoxicity
    • release = cytolysin
  • Do NOT have MHC antigens as other lymphocytes do
20
Q

What cell is in this image?

A

Monocytes

Basics:

  • Single lobed nucleus
    • Kidney shaped
    • Large cell
  • Differentiate –> Macrophages

Function:

  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation
  • Clean dead cell debris

Granules:

  • Azurophilic granules
    • acid hydrolase (acid phosphatase)
      • Osteocytes secrete this…

Monocytes = derivative of….

  • Kupffer cells in liver
  • Dust cells (alveolar macrophages) in lung
  • Langerhan cells in skin
  • Microglia in brain
  • Osteoclast in bone
  • Peritoneal macrophages
  • Tissue macrophages (histiocytes)
21
Q

What cell is this?

22
Q

What are the 2 Blood Cell Lineages of Hemopoietic Stem Cells?

A

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

  1. Lymphoid
    • T&B Lymphocytes
    • NK cells (form early in lineage)
  2. Myeloid
    • Erythropoiesis (Multi-CSF) - EPO
      • RBC
    • Thrombopoiesis (Multi-CSF)
      • Megakaryocyte –> Platelet
    • Leukopoiesis (GM-CSF)
      • ​Granulocyte line (G-CSF)
        • Neutrophils
        • Eosinophils
        • Basophils
      • Monocyte line (M-CSF)
        • Monocyte –> Macrophage
23
Q

What is the progression of RBC Development?

A

Erythopoiesis

  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic
  3. Polychromatophilic
  4. Orthochromatophilic
  5. Nucleus ejected
    • Reticulocyte
    • Pytnotic nucleus
  6. Erythrocyte
    1. no nucleus, no RNA
    2. Just Hb
24
Q

What cells can be seen in this image?

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic Erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatophilic
  5. Reticulocytes
25
Q

What RBCs during development can you see in this image?

HSF Block 2 (24 decks)

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