Histo

Question 1

What are the common organisms causing osteomyelitis in children?

Answer 1

Younger than 4 months:

• S. aureus
• Enterobacter
• Group A and B streptococcus

Older than 4 months:

• S. aureus
• Enterobacter species
• Group A streptococcus
• Haemophilus influenzae

Question 2

Osteosarcomas tend to affect what age group?

Answer 2

Children and young adults

Question 3

What symptoms do patients with osteosarcoma tend to describe?

Answer 3

variable intermittent pain worse at night

around the knee or lower femur

Question 4

What is Codman’s triangle and what conditions is it associated with?

Answer 4

triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a tumour raises the periosteum away from the bone

seen in osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma

Question 5

What type of symptoms can chondrosarcomas produce?

Answer 5

Back/thigh pain
Sciatica
Bladder symptoms
Unilateral oedema

Question 6

What area of the skeletal system does a chondrosarcoma tend to affect?

Answer 6

The axial skeleteon

Question 7

What age do chondrosarcomas tend to affect?

Answer 7

Any age, older folks sometimes.

Question 8

What age group does Ewing’s sarcoma tend to affect?

Answer 8

Teenagers/young adults

Question 9

What bones does Ewing’s sarcoma tend to affect?

Answer 9

Proximal long bones and pelvis

Question 10

Radiograph demonstrates onion-skinning of periosteum.

Answer 10

Ewing’s sarcoma

Question 11

What age group do osteoid osteomas tend to affect?

Answer 11

Young - age 4 - 20

Question 12

What are the symptoms of an osteoid osteoma?

Answer 12

Nocturnal constant pain relieved using NSAIDs

Question 13

A radiograph shows a dense sclerotic central nidus surrounded by sclerotic bone

Answer 13

Osteoid Osteoma

Question 14

What is an osteoma?

Answer 14

A new piece of bone growing on another piece of bone.

Question 15

What is Gardner’s syndrome?

Answer 15

• Colon polyps

- Tumours outside of the colon, e.g. osteomas, thyroid.

Question 16

What is an enchondroma?

Answer 16

A cartilage cyst found in the bone marrow

Question 17

‘rings and arcs’ pattern of calcification see on plain-film

Answer 17

Enchondroma

Question 18

What is Ollier’s syndrome/disease?

Answer 18

Multiple enchondromas which can shorten the affected extremity.

Question 19

What is Maffuci syndrome?

Answer 19

Multiple enchondromas associated with multiple haemangiomas.

Question 20

What type of bone do osteochondromas tend to affect?

Answer 20

Long bones

Question 21

A cartilage capped bony outgrowth

Answer 21

Osteochondroma

Question 22

What are the clinical features of hereditary multiple exostoses?

Answer 22

Multiple exostoses (cartilage-capped bony outgrowths)
Short stature
Bone deformities

Question 23

What are the clinical features of McCune-Albright syndrome?

Answer 23

Fibrous dysplasia
Cafe au lait spot
Precocious puberty

Question 24

What is fibrous dysplasia?

Answer 24

Normal bone or marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue

Question 25

Abnormally thin and irregular trabeculae. The histologist murmurs something about Chinese characters.

Answer 25

Fibrous dysplasia