Histo

Question 1

What happens in fed state What tell fat cells…. how it functions

Answer 1

Insulin is released in fed state and it does the following functions

1) give signals for receptors of glucose and thus î glucose intake
2) give signal to genes for making lipoprotein-lipases and send them to capillary endothelial cells

Question 2

What tells body in fasting state and what happens

Answer 2

Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine (released by post ganglionic fiber of SNS) stimulate cyclic AMP system and hormone-sensitive lipoprotein lipase to break tryglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids

Question 3

2 types of obesity

Answer 3

1) hyperplastic or hyper cellular obesity —> child onset obesity-î in no and size of adipocytes
2) hypertrophic obesity—> adult onset obesity î in size just

Question 4

White adipocytes store which sources of fats

Answer 4

3 sources

1: chylomicrons from intestine
2: free fatty acids and glycerol from adipocytes
3: VLDL from liver

Question 5

Chylomicrons composition

Answer 5

Triglyceride core with mobilizing surface of phosoholipid cholestrol and apolipoproteins

Question 6

Hormone of white adipocytes and its function

Answer 6

Leptin is released from adipocytes and it targets hypothalamus and increase hunger

Question 7

How adipocytes are originates (histogenesis)

Answer 7

|—>fibroblasts
Mesenchymal cells—
|—>pre-adipocytes
_________|_________
|. |. |.
White adipocytes Beige A. Brown A.

Question 8

Brown adipocytes

Answer 8

Multilocular, centrally arranged nucleus, small lipid droplets , many mitochondria ( of course more cytochrome therefore brown) — when stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine they break triglycerides just like white adipocytes but instead of sending them out they metabolize them .. thermogenin in mitochondria block ATPase activity and movement of proton from intermembrane to matrix release emergy

Question 9

Where are adipocytes found and how much of body weight they make

Answer 9

They make 20% of body weight and are found around many organs

Question 10

Fibroblast function? When they divide

Answer 10

Fibroblasts produce and secrete ground substance including GAGs proteoglycans and muscle fibers like collagen( most abundant protein)

They don’t divide normally but when they are stimulated by growth factors they divide

Question 11

Mast cells content and what they release to induce inflammation

Answer 11

Mast cells contain acidic radicals in sulfated GAGs therefore show metachromasia (change basic dyes to red)
Release
Heparin: sulfated GAG acts as anticoagulant
Phospholipid precursors which make leukotrenes and prostaglandins
Histamine:
Eosinophil neutrophil chemotactic factors

Question 12

Where are mast cells abundant

Answer 12

Under epithelia

Under blood vessels

Question 13

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 13

IgE antibodies attach to receptors on mast cells
On second exposure when antigen binds to IgE antibodies—>stimulate release of granules-> ca does exosytosis—> release granules contents(histamine heparin leukotrenes) and eosinophil chemotactic factor

Phospholipases break down phospholipids into prostaglandins and leukotrenes