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MSK 2 > HIS - Integument > Flashcards

HIS - Integument Flashcards

HIS: Integument

1
Q

functions of the integument

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • excretion
  • thermoregulation
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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2
Q

what is the integument composed of?

A
  • epidermis (epithelial layer - ectoderm)
  • dermis (CT layer - mesoderm)
  • hypodermis (loose CT layer)
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3
Q

functions of the hypodermis

A
  • binds skin to underlying tissue and corresponds to superficial fascia
  • contains epidermal derivatives
    • hair, nails, sebaceous, and sweat glands
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4
Q

epidermis epithelial cell type

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of keratinocytes

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5
Q

cell types of the epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Merkel cells
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6
Q

irregular projections at epidermal-dermal junction

A

dermal papillae

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7
Q

dermal papillae interdigitate with this structure to strengthen adhesion

A

epidermal ridges

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8
Q

thin skin

A
  • 75-150 microM
  • 4 layers
  • widespread on body
  • glands and hair. follicles
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9
Q

thick skin

A
  • 400-1400 microM
  • palms and soles, fingerprints
  • contain 5 layers
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10
Q

layers of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum (*only thick skin)
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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11
Q
  • predominant cell type of the epidermis
  • produce keratins (85% of cells)
  • participate in the epidermal water barrier
  • will produce “cornified” cells, full of keratin
    • undergo keratinization and desquamation
A

keratinocytes

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12
Q
  • single-layer of keratinocytes w/ stem cells interspersed
  • mitotically active
  • cuboidal/low columnar cells
  • contain melanin
  • bound apically by desmosomes
  • bound basally by hemidesmosomes
A

stratum basale

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13
Q
  • thickest layer
  • polyhedral cells w/ central nuclei and spiny processes
  • keratin filaments assemble here into microscipically visible bundles called tonofibrils
  • associated with desmosomes
    • spiny appearance = “prickle layer”
A

stratum spinosum

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14
Q
  • 3-5 layers of flattened cells
  • filled with keratohyaline granules
  • also include lamellar granules
  • keratinization + lipd-rich layer = almost impenetrable skin barrier
A

stratum granulosum

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15
Q
  • granules = tonofibrils + filaggrin (bundling protein)
  • undergoing terminal differentiation of keratinization
  • stain intensely basophilic
A

keratohyaline granules

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16
Q
  • small ovoid structures containing lipids and glycolipids
  • undergo exocytosis and produce lipid-rich, impermeable layer that protects against water loss
A

lamellar granules

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17
Q
  • 15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with filamentous keratins
  • anucleated cells coated with extracellular layer of lipids
  • squames are continuously shed as desmosomes break down
A

stratum corneum

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18
Q

fully keratinized “cornified” cells

A

squames

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19
Q
  • found only on thick skin
  • thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes
  • held together by desmosomes
  • nuclei and organelles lost
  • cytoplams exclusively keratin filaments
A

stratum lucidum

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20
Q
  • produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes
  • NCC derived
  • scattered along stratum basale
A

melanocytes

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21
Q

pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation

A

melanin

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22
Q

one melanocyte maintains an assoiation with a specific number of keratinocytes (1:10)

A

epidermal-melanin unit

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23
Q

melanin production (reaction, location, and transport)

A
  • Production
  1. tyrosinase converts tyorsine to DOPA
  2. DOPA polymerizes into melanin
  • Location: membrane bound organelles called pre-melanosomes
  • As melanin increases, pre-melanosomes increase and form melanosome
  • Melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes via pigment donation
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24
Q

melanosome transfer to keratinocytes

A

pigment donation

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25
* APCs found in skin that provide defense against pathogens * develop from monocyte precursor
Langerhans cells (Ag is phagocytosed, displaced on cell surface, migrated to nearby lymph node and activates lymphocytes)
26
what initiates epidermal cell replacement?
division of stem cells in the stratum basale
27
where do new cells undergo divisions?
stratum basale
28
how are new skin cells replaced?
new cells undergo division in the SB \> move upward as they differentiate into keratinized cells \> lost by exfoliation on skin surface
29
characteristics of the dermal-epidermal junction
* uneven boundary with finger-like *dermal papillae* that project into epidermis * complemented by epidermal protrusions, *epidermal ridges* * increased in size/number at sites of mechanical stress * hemidesmosomes provide tight interface * focal adhesions are also present
30
2 layers of dermis (detail)
* papillary layer * loose CT beneath epidermis * contain vasculature and nerve endings * reticular layer * deep to papillary layer * dense irregular CT wit coarse elastic fibers * form regular lines of tension (**Langer's line****s)**
31
lines of tension formed by the reticular layer
Langer's lines
32
rich, nutritive capillary network located between papillary and reticular layers
subpapillary
33
lies near dermis-subcutaneous layer interface
deep plexus
34
name the 2 plexuses of the dermis
* subpapillary plexus * deep plexus
35
* loose CT that binds the skin loosely to the subjacent organs * adipocytes vary in number and size based on body regions/nutritional state * **extensive vasculature** promotes rapid uptake of insulin or drugs injected into this tissue
hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
36
types of sensory receptors of the skin
non-encapsulated and encapsulated receptors
37
* epithelial tactile cells that function as low-threshold meechanoreceptors essential for sensing **gentle touch** * abundant in highly sensitive skin (fingertips, hair follicles) * resemble keratinocytes **but do not contain melanosomes** * contain small, Golgi-derived granules concentrated near basolateral surface
Merkel cells
38
* type of cancer from Merkel cells * rare, aggressive, and difficult to treat * 40x less common than malignant melanoma, but 2x mortality rate
Merkel cell carcinoma
39
* located in the papillary dermis, extending into the lower epidermal layers * respond primarily to **high and low temperatures, pain, and itching** * may function as **tactile receptors**
free nerve endings
40
* encapsulated receptors * responsive to **light-touch** or **low-frequency stimuli** * perpendicular to the epidermis in the dermal papillae * numerous in the fingertips, palms, and soles
Meissner's corpuscle
41
* large encapsulated, oval structures found deep in the reticular dermis and hypodermis * specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibration * found in the CT of visceral organs, wall of the rectum, and urinary bladder * produce pressure sensations when distorted
Lamellated (Pacinian corpuscle)
42
3 types of glands
* merocrine * holocrine * apocrine
43
merocrine gland
secreion delivered via membrane-bound vesicles and undergo exocytosis
44
holocrine gland
secretion accumulates within cell \> apopotisis \> secretion and cell debris are released
45
apocrine gland
release of apical portion of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm within a plasma membrane
46
* several glands per follicle * abundant on face and scalp * produce lipid mixture (sebum) via **holocrine secretion** * **waxy mix of triglycerides and cholesterol** * **​**lubricates and softens skin * waterproofs skin * sebum discharged into hair follicle
sebaceous glands
47
* simple coiled glands found extensively throughout the skin * duct is stratified cuboidal * **myoepithelial cells** facilitate expulsion of secretions * temperature regulation via cooling * evaporation of H2O from sweat on body surface
eccrine sweat glands
48
sweat components
* H2O * salt * ammonia * uric acid * mucinogen granules
49
* large lumen, tubular glands * duct = stratified cuboidal * **myoepithelial cells** facilitate expulsion of secretions * use merocrine secretion
apocrine sweat glands
50
* protein, carbohydrate, and ammonia-rich secretion * odorless until mixed with bacteria * become functional at pubertymero
merocrine secretion
51
terminal dilation of hair follicle
hair bulb
52
inserts into hair bulb and provides nutrients via capillaries
dermal papilla
53
hair matrix is formed by \_\_\_\_\_\_
keratinocytes * continuous with epidermis * divide and differention = hair growth
54
contains epidermal stem cells near insertion of thearrectorpili m.
follicular bulge
55
small bundle of smooth muscle extending from midpoint of hair root to papillary layer
arrector pili muscle
56
contracting muscle distorts attached dermis
Goose bumps
57
highly keratinized cells on a bed of epidermis
nails
58
most proximal region of the nail covering the nail matrix
nail root
59
* from this structure, stem cells divide and form keratinocytes * nail plate remains attached to nail bed * pushed forward by continuosu growth
nail matrix
60
crescent shaped white area near the nail matrix
lunula
61
extension of skin covering nail root
cuticle
62
label
63
label
64
label
65
label
66
type of cell
keratinocytes
67
identify if thick or thin skin
thick skin
68
1. label 2. idenfity if thick or thin skin
69
identify layers
70
type of cell
keratinocyte
71
identify
stratum basale
72
identify
stratum spinosum
73
identify
stratum granulosum
74
identify
startum corneum
75
label
76
type of cell
melanocytes
77
type of cell
Langerhans cells
78
label
79
idenfity
hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
80
type of cell
Merkel cell
81
identify structure
free nerve endings
82
identify
Meissner's corpuscle
83
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
84
identify
eccrine gland
85
identify
sebaceous gland
86
idenfity
aprocrine sweat glands
87
label
88
89
label

MSK 2 (12 decks)

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