HIS - Integument Flashcards
HIS: Integument
functions of the integument
- protection
- sensation
- excretion
- thermoregulation
- synthesis of vitamin D
what is the integument composed of?
- epidermis (epithelial layer - ectoderm)
- dermis (CT layer - mesoderm)
- hypodermis (loose CT layer)
functions of the hypodermis
- binds skin to underlying tissue and corresponds to superficial fascia
- contains epidermal derivatives
- hair, nails, sebaceous, and sweat glands
epidermis epithelial cell type
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of keratinocytes
cell types of the epidermis
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- Langerhans cells
- Merkel cells
irregular projections at epidermal-dermal junction
dermal papillae
dermal papillae interdigitate with this structure to strengthen adhesion
epidermal ridges
thin skin
- 75-150 microM
- 4 layers
- widespread on body
- glands and hair. follicles
thick skin
- 400-1400 microM
- palms and soles, fingerprints
- contain 5 layers
layers of the epidermis
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum (*only thick skin)
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
- predominant cell type of the epidermis
- produce keratins (85% of cells)
- participate in the epidermal water barrier
- will produce “cornified” cells, full of keratin
- undergo keratinization and desquamation
keratinocytes
- single-layer of keratinocytes w/ stem cells interspersed
- mitotically active
- cuboidal/low columnar cells
- contain melanin
- bound apically by desmosomes
- bound basally by hemidesmosomes
stratum basale
- thickest layer
- polyhedral cells w/ central nuclei and spiny processes
- keratin filaments assemble here into microscipically visible bundles called tonofibrils
- associated with desmosomes
- spiny appearance = “prickle layer”
stratum spinosum
- 3-5 layers of flattened cells
- filled with keratohyaline granules
- also include lamellar granules
- keratinization + lipd-rich layer = almost impenetrable skin barrier
stratum granulosum
- granules = tonofibrils + filaggrin (bundling protein)
- undergoing terminal differentiation of keratinization
- stain intensely basophilic
keratohyaline granules
- small ovoid structures containing lipids and glycolipids
- undergo exocytosis and produce lipid-rich, impermeable layer that protects against water loss
lamellar granules
- 15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with filamentous keratins
- anucleated cells coated with extracellular layer of lipids
- squames are continuously shed as desmosomes break down
stratum corneum
fully keratinized “cornified” cells
squames
- found only on thick skin
- thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes
- held together by desmosomes
- nuclei and organelles lost
- cytoplams exclusively keratin filaments
stratum lucidum
- produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes
- NCC derived
- scattered along stratum basale
melanocytes
pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation
melanin
one melanocyte maintains an assoiation with a specific number of keratinocytes (1:10)
epidermal-melanin unit
melanin production (reaction, location, and transport)
- Production
- tyrosinase converts tyorsine to DOPA
- DOPA polymerizes into melanin
- Location: membrane bound organelles called pre-melanosomes
- As melanin increases, pre-melanosomes increase and form melanosome
- Melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes via pigment donation
melanosome transfer to keratinocytes
pigment donation
- APCs found in skin that provide defense against pathogens
- develop from monocyte precursor
Langerhans cells
(Ag is phagocytosed, displaced on cell surface, migrated to nearby lymph node and activates lymphocytes)
what initiates epidermal cell replacement?
division of stem cells in the stratum basale
where do new cells undergo divisions?
stratum basale
how are new skin cells replaced?
new cells undergo division in the SB > move upward as they differentiate into keratinized cells > lost by exfoliation on skin surface
characteristics of the dermal-epidermal junction
- uneven boundary with finger-like dermal papillae that project into epidermis
- complemented by epidermal protrusions, epidermal ridges
- increased in size/number at sites of mechanical stress
- hemidesmosomes provide tight interface
- focal adhesions are also present
2 layers of dermis (detail)
- papillary layer
- loose CT beneath epidermis
- contain vasculature and nerve endings
- reticular layer
- deep to papillary layer
- dense irregular CT wit coarse elastic fibers
- form regular lines of tension (Langer’s lines)
lines of tension formed by the reticular layer
Langer’s lines
rich, nutritive capillary network located between papillary and reticular layers
subpapillary
lies near dermis-subcutaneous layer interface
deep plexus
name the 2 plexuses of the dermis
- subpapillary plexus
- deep plexus
- loose CT that binds the skin loosely to the subjacent organs
- adipocytes vary in number and size based on body regions/nutritional state
- extensive vasculature promotes rapid uptake of insulin or drugs injected into this tissue
hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
types of sensory receptors of the skin
non-encapsulated and encapsulated receptors
- epithelial tactile cells that function as low-threshold meechanoreceptors essential for sensing gentle touch
- abundant in highly sensitive skin (fingertips, hair follicles)
- resemble keratinocytes but do not contain melanosomes
- contain small, Golgi-derived granules concentrated near basolateral surface
Merkel cells
- type of cancer from Merkel cells
- rare, aggressive, and difficult to treat
- 40x less common than malignant melanoma, but 2x mortality rate
Merkel cell carcinoma
- located in the papillary dermis, extending into the lower epidermal layers
- respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain, and itching
- may function as tactile receptors
free nerve endings
- encapsulated receptors
- responsive to light-touch or low-frequency stimuli
- perpendicular to the epidermis in the dermal papillae
- numerous in the fingertips, palms, and soles
Meissner’s corpuscle
- large encapsulated, oval structures found deep in the reticular dermis and hypodermis
- specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibration
- found in the CT of visceral organs, wall of the rectum, and urinary bladder
- produce pressure sensations when distorted
Lamellated (Pacinian corpuscle)
3 types of glands
- merocrine
- holocrine
- apocrine
merocrine gland
secreion delivered via membrane-bound vesicles and undergo exocytosis
holocrine gland
secretion accumulates within cell > apopotisis > secretion and cell debris are released
apocrine gland
release of apical portion of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm within a plasma membrane
- several glands per follicle
- abundant on face and scalp
- produce lipid mixture (sebum) via holocrine secretion
-
waxy mix of triglycerides and cholesterol
- lubricates and softens skin
- waterproofs skin
- sebum discharged into hair follicle
sebaceous glands
- simple coiled glands found extensively throughout the skin
- duct is stratified cuboidal
- myoepithelial cells facilitate expulsion of secretions
- temperature regulation via cooling
- evaporation of H2O from sweat on body surface
eccrine sweat glands
sweat components
- H2O
- salt
- ammonia
- uric acid
- mucinogen granules
- large lumen, tubular glands
- duct = stratified cuboidal
- myoepithelial cells facilitate expulsion of secretions
- use merocrine secretion
apocrine sweat glands
- protein, carbohydrate, and ammonia-rich secretion
- odorless until mixed with bacteria
- become functional at pubertymero
merocrine secretion
terminal dilation of hair follicle
hair bulb
inserts into hair bulb and provides nutrients via capillaries
dermal papilla
hair matrix is formed by ______
keratinocytes
- continuous with epidermis
- divide and differention = hair growth
contains epidermal stem cells near insertion of thearrectorpili m.
follicular bulge
small bundle of smooth muscle extending from midpoint of hair root to papillary layer
arrector pili muscle
contracting muscle distorts attached dermis
Goose bumps
highly keratinized cells on a bed of epidermis
nails
most proximal region of the nail covering the nail matrix
nail root
- from this structure, stem cells divide and form keratinocytes
- nail plate remains attached to nail bed
- pushed forward by continuosu growth
nail matrix
crescent shaped white area near the nail matrix
lunula
extension of skin covering nail root
cuticle
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type of cell

keratinocytes
identify if thick or thin skin

thick skin
- label
- idenfity if thick or thin skin


identify layers


type of cell

keratinocyte
identify

stratum basale
identify

stratum spinosum
identify

stratum granulosum
identify

startum corneum
label


type of cell

melanocytes
type of cell

Langerhans cells
label


idenfity

hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
type of cell

Merkel cell
identify structure

free nerve endings
identify

Meissner’s corpuscle
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

identify

eccrine gland
identify

sebaceous gland
idenfity

aprocrine sweat glands
label




label

