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MSK 2 > HIS - Blood > Flashcards

HIS - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid connective tissue that circulates through the cardiovascular system

A

Blood

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2
Q

Components of blood

A
  • cells
  • plasma (protein-rich fluid)
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3
Q

Protein-rich fluid component of blood

A

Plasma

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4
Q

Cellular component of blood

A
  • erythrocytes/RBCs
  • leukocytes/WBCs
  • thrombocytes/platelets
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5
Q
  • deliver O2 and nutrients and transport waste and CO2
  • deliver hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
  • maintain homeostasis
    • act as a buffer
    • participates in coagulation
    • thermoregulation
A

functions of blood

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6
Q

Volume of RBCs in a sample of blood (packed cell volume = PCV)

A

Hematocrit (Hct)

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7
Q

Normal male hematocrit

A

39-50%

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8
Q

Normal female hematocrit

A

35-45%

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9
Q

Percentage of blood consisting of leukocytes and platelets

A

1%

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10
Q

buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q
  • liquid extracellular component of blood
  • >90% H2O by weight - act as a solvent of different solutes
    • proteins
    • nutrients
    • electrolytes
    • dissolved gases
    • waste
A

Blood plasma

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12
Q

What does interstitial fluid derive from?

A

Blood plasma

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13
Q

important plasma proteins

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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14
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood plasma without clotting factors

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15
Q
  • Main protein component (50%)
  • Made in the liver
  • Functions:
    • Responsible for concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
    • Source of colloid osmotic pressure
    • Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
A

Albumin

​

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16
Q

How does colloid osmotic pressure affect fluid?

A

Pulls fluid into the blood

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17
Q

2 types of globulins

A
  • immunoglobulins
  • non-immune globulins
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18
Q
  • largest globulins
  • functional immune components (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD)
A

Immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins)

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19
Q
  • maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins
  • include fibronectins, lipoproteins, and coagulation factors
A

Non-immune globulins (alpha-globulin and beta-globulin)

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20
Q
  • largest plasma protein
  • made in the liver
  • Functions:
    • formation of the platelet plug
    • interacts w/ thrombin to make fibrin
      • cross-linking of fibrin > forms impermeable net that helps prevent further blood loss
A

Fibrinogen

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21
Q

functional components of blood cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes (BENML)
  • platelets
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22
Q
  • anunucleated cells devoid of typical organelles
  • “bags of hemoglobin”
  • biconcave disc and very flexible
  • binds to O2 for delivery to tissues and CO2 for removal from tissues
  • lifespan = 120 days (~1% of RBCs removed each day)
A

Erythrocytes

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23
Q

Normal erythrocytes count in males

A

4.5-6 million cells/MCL

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24
Q

Normal erythrocytes count in females

A

4-5 million cells/mcL

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25
Q

Where are erythrocytes phagocytized?

A

Spleen, bone marrow, and liver

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26
Q
  • anucleated, immature RBCs
  • reflects erythroid roliferation
  • stains blue
A

Reticulocytes

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27
Q

Normal reticulocyte count

A

0.5-1.5% of RBC count

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28
Q

Normal pathway of reticulocytes

A

Enter circulation > lose polyribosomes > mature as an RBC

29
Q
  • decreased Hb levels
  • most caused by reduction in # of RBCs
  • insufficient dietary iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid can lead to decreased RBC production
  • varying clinical symptoms depending on type
A

anemia

30
Q
  • point mutation in beta-globin chain of HbA
    • glutamate > valine
    • becomes HbS
  • low O2 or dehydration > Hb precipitates and cells sickle
    • 85% in homozygotes
    • <40% in heterozygotes = symptomatic
A

sickle cell disease

31
Q

Characteristics of sickled RBCs

A
  • blood more viscous
  • RBC more fragile
  • break down after 20 days (instead of 120 days)
  • pile up and occlude small and large vessels (ACS)
32
Q
  • yellow appearance of sclera of eye and skin
  • results from buildup of bilirubin (pigment in RBCs) in blood)
  • caused by destruction of circulating RBCs
    • inherited RBC defects
    • pathogenic organisms, animal venoms, chemicals, and drugs
  • common in newborns due to inefficiency of newborn liver
A

jaundice

33
Q

2 populations of leukocytes

A
  • granulocytes: BEN
  • agranulocytosis: LM
34
Q

Normal count for total leukocytes

A

5000-10000 cells/mc

35
Q

Relative amounts of leukocytes in descending order

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Mnemonic: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

36
Q
  • most numerous of the circulating WBCs: 50-70%
  • hallmark: multi-lobed nucleus, general lack of cytoplasmic staining
  • “PMNs”: polymorphonuclear neutrophils
  • inactive and spherical when circulating; amoeboid during diapedesis w/ ECM
  • function: acute inflammation and tissue injury
A

Neutrophils

37
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • Acute inflammation and tissue injury
    • secrete enzymes (granules), ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms
    • recognized and bind to bacteria, foreign organisms, fungi, and other infectious agents
38
Q

Types of neutrophil granules

A
  • azurophilic granules: lyososomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)
  • specific granules: various enzyes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides
39
Q

Lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)

A

Azurophilic granules

40
Q

Various enzymes, complement, activators, and antimicrobial peptides

A

Specific granules

41
Q

Passage of WBCs through blood vessels to area of damage/infection

A

Diapedesis

42
Q

Steps of diapedesis

A
  • areas of damage/infection release cytokines
  • intercellular junctions are loosened in the postcapillary venules
  • cell adhesion proteins increased in the vessel wall
  • WBCs express ligand and interact with adhesion proteins > slow them down > adhere to vessel wall
  • extend trough openings between endothelial cells and migrate out of venule
  • diapedesis
43
Q

Attraction involving chemical mediators

A

Chemotaxis

44
Q
  • 1/4% of circulating WBCs
  • similar size to neutrophils, bi-lobed nucleus
  • hallmark: abundance of large, acidophilus granules staining intensely pink or red
  • Function:
    • phagocytize Ab-Ag complexes
    • count increases w/ allergies or parasitic infections
    • may mediate chronic inflammation (such as lung tissue in asthmatics)
A

Eosinophils

45
Q
  • least numerous <1%
  • similar size to neutrophil
  • lobed nucleus usually obscured by granules
  • hallmark: basophilic, specific granules that stain intensely purple
  • release vasoactive agents from granules
  • supplement function of mast cells
  • responsible for type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and anaphylaxis
  • allergic infections
A

Basophils

46
Q
  • 2-8% of circulating WBCs
  • hallmark: intensely staining, spherical nucleus with thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm (small, medium, large lymphocytes)
  • differentiate into other effector cells: T-cells, B-cells, NK cells
  • think viral and fungal infections
A

Lymphocytes

47
Q
  • develop in the thymus
  • involved in cell-mediated immunity
A

T-cells

48
Q
  • form and differentiate into bone marrow
  • transform into plasma cells to make antibodies
A

B-cells

49
Q

programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cell

A

NK cells

50
Q
  • 2-8% of circulating WBCs
  • largest of the WBCs
  • indented, horseshoe shaped nucleus with paler cytoplasm (Contain small azurophilic granules)
  • precursor cell of mononuclear phagocytic system
  • differentiate in tissues in response to inflammation
A

Monocytes

51
Q

Differentiation in tissues in response to inflammation

A

Monocyte leaves vasculature > macrophage > phagocytosis

52
Q
  • small, membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments
  • derived from megakaryocyte (large polyploid cells in the BM)
  • contain granules that release platelet-specific proteins
  • function in controlling blood loss (homeostasis)
A

Thrombocytes

53
Q

Immature neutrophils with banded nucleus rather than lobed nucleus

A

Bands

54
Q

When do “bands” increase?

A

Large increase in myeloid (neutrophil precursor) proliferation due to serious bacterial infection and cancer

55
Q

why do reticulocytes stain blue?

A

residual ribosomal RNA retained

56
Q

What does an increase or decrease in reticulocte count indicate?

A

pathology or malignancy

57
Q
A
58
Q

identify

A

erythrocytes

59
Q

identify

A

reticulocytes

60
Q

what condition does this individual have?

A

anemia

61
Q

name the condition

A

sickle-cell anemia

62
Q

type of cell

A

neutrophil

63
Q

label

A
64
Q

type of cell

A

eosinophils

65
Q

type of cell

A

basophil

66
Q

type of cell

A

lymphocyte

67
Q

type of cell

A

monocyte

68
Q

type of cell

A

thymocyte

(1. erythrocyte, 2. blood platelets)

69
Q

type of cell

A

bands

MSK 2 (12 decks)

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