HIS 101 Flashcards by Abe 권

Did “Canada” exist before its founding through Confederation in 1867?

yes

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What is decolonization?

A. The process of building new colonies in foreign lands
B. The act of ending colonial rule and restoring independence to colonized regions
C. The expansion of imperial control over indigenous peoples
D. The introduction of European culture into colonies

B. The act of ending colonial rule and restoring independence to colonized regions

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What is the Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address called?

A. Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen
B. Wampum Belt Ceremony
C. Longhouse Greetings
D. Treaty of Peace and Friendship

A. Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen

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What is the primary purpose of the Great Thanksgiving (or “words before all else”)?

A. To celebrate specific cultural holidays
B. To express gratitude and promote unity among people and nature
C. To outline laws for maintaining harmony within the community
D. To mark the end of the yearly harvest season

B. To express gratitude and promote unity among people and nature

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What did Prime Minister Mackenzie King mean by saying, “If some countries have too much history, we have too much geography”?

A. Canada has a long history but little land to govern.
B. Canada is geographically vast, which makes national unity challenging.
C. Other countries are more geographically diverse than Canada.
D. Canada has a rich cultural heritage but lacks sufficient land.

B. Canada is geographically vast, which makes national unity challenging.

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How has history traditionally been viewed in relation to non-literate societies?

A. Non-literate societies were fully integrated into history.
B. Non-literate societies were excluded from history and labeled prehistoric.
C. Non-literate societies were considered more advanced than literate societies.
D. Non-literate societies were given equal historical recognition as literate ones.

B. Non-literate societies were excluded from history and labeled prehistoric

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What is one key feature of Indigenous societies in pre-Columbian Americas?

A. They had no contact with other societies.
B. They lived in both large cities and small villages.
C. They were all nomadic with no established trade networks.
D. They only spoke one language.

B. They lived in both large cities and small villages.

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what is the term used to describe the process of interpreting Indigenous oral traditions and archaeology together?

A. Archaeological excavation
B. Ethnohistory
C. Colonization studies
D. Anthropology

B. Ethnohistory

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what is a common theme in creation stories across many cultures, including Indigenous ones?

A. The end of the world
B. The presence of a flood
C. The dominance of humans over nature
D. The technological advancements of the people

B. The presence of a flood

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Did the Mi’kmaq origin story about Glooscap’s creation of animals include references to animals being much larger than they are today?

A. Yes
B. No

yes

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the text challenge the traditional concept of “prehistory”?

A. By emphasizing the importance of written records over oral tradition
B. By suggesting that European literacy should not be viewed as a sea change in Indigenous societies
C. By denying the existence of oral traditions as historical evidence
D. By arguing that only European societies had true historical records

B. By suggesting that European literacy should not be viewed as a sea change in Indigenous societies

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The theory that humans first arrived in North America via the Bering Land Bridge is most supported by which type of evidence?

A. Genetic evidence
B. Oral traditions
C. Archaeological evidence of tools
D. Linguistic evidence

C. Archaeological evidence of tools

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What does the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis suggest about the movement of early humans into the Americas?

A. That they traveled slowly on foot through glaciers
B. That they crossed through a temperate period along the west coast
C. That they migrated directly from Europe
D. That they did not migrate at all

B. That they crossed through a temperate period along the west coast

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What do many Indigenous peoples’ origin stories emphasize, according to Joseph Marshall III?

A. The specific date of their arrival in North America
B. The idea that they have always been here
C. Their first interaction with Europeans
D. Their migration through the Bering Strait

B. The idea that they have always been here

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Did the Clovis culture represent the earliest human occupation in the Americas, according to the text?

A. Yes
B. No

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history of North America before European arrival?
A) It was only a few thousand years old.
B) It was predominantly Indigenous, lasting for over 15 millennia.
C) It was shaped entirely by European settlers.
D) It began with the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus.

B) It was predominantly Indigenous, lasting for over 15 millennia.

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What is one feature of Indigenous societies in pre-Columbian North America?
A) They had no economies.
B) They developed local economies and long-distance trade networks.
C) They lived only in isolated tribes.
D) They relied entirely on European trade for survival.

B) They developed local economies and long-distance trade networks.

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How does ethnohistory connect oral traditions with archaeological evidence?
A) It dismisses oral traditions as myths with no value.
B) It uses oral traditions to confirm the historical accuracy of archaeological findings.
C) It focuses only on written documents to construct history.
D) It separates Indigenous oral traditions from historical research.

B) It uses oral traditions to confirm the historical accuracy of archaeological findings

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The Mi’kmaq origin story of Glooscap describes him creating animals much larger than they are today. What did science confirm about this story?
A) It is purely mythical and not grounded in reality.
B) It is accurate, as megafaunal beavers existed in North America.
C) It was an exaggeration with no basis in reality.
D) It was a symbol for the power of Glooscap, with no factual basis.

B) It is accurate, as megafaunal beavers existed in North America.

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What do many Indigenous origin stories across North America, such as the Turtle Island and Raven cycle, have in common?
A) They focus solely on human origins, ignoring the natural world.
B) They involve a flood as a significant part of the creation narrative.
C) They are completely different and unrelated.
D) They were influenced heavily by European myths.

B) They involve a flood as a significant part of the creation narrative.

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What is a key critique of the Bering Land Bridge theory regarding the settlement of North America?
A) It is completely disproven by archaeological evidence.
B) It assumes all Indigenous peoples arrived via the same path, ignoring other migration routes.
C) It supports the idea that all Indigenous peoples are closely related to Asian peoples.
D) It claims that migration occurred only in the past 5,000 years.

B) It assumes all Indigenous peoples arrived via the same path, ignoring other migration routes

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According to the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, how did early humans likely migrate into the Americas?
A) They traveled through the Bering Land Bridge but remained in a frozen state for thousands of years.
B) They may have island-hopped along the Pacific coastline rather than passing through glaciers.
C) They came in large waves by land from Europe.
D) They arrived only after the land bridge melted.

B) They may have island-hopped along the Pacific coastline rather than passing through glaciers.

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some Indigenous groups, like the Dane-zaa, refute the Bering Land Bridge theory. What is their belief about their origins?
A) They came from Africa thousands of years ago.
B) They believe humans crawled through a hollow log to reach Earth, asserting a deeper connection to the land.
C) They claim their ancestors arrived via a sea route from Europe.
D) They think their ancestors arrived through the Bering Strait alone.

B) They believe humans crawled through a hollow log to reach Earth, asserting a deeper connection to the land.

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Joseph Marshall III notes that many Indigenous origin stories do not focus on “when.” What is more important in these stories, according to him?
A) The exact date of the event.
B) The concept of “first” rather than “when,” as the people have always been here.
C) The arrival of Europeans in the region.
D) The transition from prehistory to history.

B) The concept of “first” rather than “when,” as the people have always been here.

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What is the significance of "Time Immemorial" in many Indigenous origin stories? A) It refers to a specific moment in history. B) It emphasizes that Indigenous peoples have always been connected to the land and do not focus on when their history began. C) It is a reference to a specific historical event. D) It denies any change or evolution in Indigenous cultures over time.

B) It emphasizes that Indigenous peoples have always been connected to the land and do not focus on when their history began.

How did early peoples in North America adapt to climatic conditions after the last ice age (~8000 BCE)? a) By moving into warmer areas only b) By adapting their tools and techniques to a broader range of resources c) By depending entirely on farming d) By relying on woolly mammoths for food

b) By adapting their tools and techniques to a broader range of resources

Did early Americans rely on larger mammals such as bison and caribou for survival? a) Yes b) No

yes

Which period marks the transition from Paleolithic to Archaic culture? a) The Ice Age b) The Holocene c) The Archaic Period d) The Mesozoic Era

c) The Archaic Period

How did people’s roles shift during the Archaic Period? a) They became more nomadic b) They became more sedentary and localized c) They started building large cities d) They primarily depended on agriculture

b) They became more sedentary and localized

Did some groups continue to practice Archaic ways of life well into the 19th century? a) Yes b) No

yes

What is the new focus in understanding the history of Indigenous peoples? a) Technological change b) How people constructed worlds for themselves c) The invention of farming d) The growth of cities

b) How people constructed worlds for themselves

Does cultural history involve developing some skills while neglecting others? a) Yes b) No

yes

What does archaeological evidence suggest about trade in ancient Indigenous societies? a) Only local trade occurred b) Extensive exchange networks existed for resources like sea shells and copper c) Trade was limited to luxury goods only d) There was no evidence of trade in ancient times

b) Extensive exchange networks existed for resources like sea shells and copper

Did the movement of captives in war play a role in ancient exchanges? a) Yes b) No

yes

How do Indigenous peoples view their relationship with the land? a) As separate from themselves b) As a spiritual connection that cannot be separated c) As a resource to be exploited d) As a market commodity

b) As a spiritual connection that cannot be separated

Is the land viewed as something that Indigenous peoples can be separated from? a) Yes b) No

Did Indigenous cultures see their relationship with nature as based on competition? a) Yes b) No

Did Indigenous peoples rely on intimate knowledge of nature to exploit it? a) Yes b) No

Was Indigenous economic life based on co-operation rather than competition? a) Yes b) No

yes

Did Indigenous peoples view the land as their "mother," with a deep spiritual connection? a) Yes b) No

yes

Is land seen as something that can be given or taken away by Indigenous peoples? a) Yes b) No

How do Indigenous perspectives on land ownership differ from Western views? a) They see land as something that can be bought and sold b) They view land as inseparable from identity and spiritual life c) They view land as a commodity to be exploited d) They focus on ownership as a legal concept

b) They view land as inseparable from identity and spiritual life

Do Indigenous peoples see the land as part of their body, similar to how their hand is part of them? a) Yes b) No

yes

Was the term "a few acres of snow" used to describe Canada in the 18th century by Voltaire as an important and valuable colony? a) Yes b) No

Did the land provide sustenance for Indigenous peoples and influence their social bonds? a) Yes b) No

yes

Were Indigenous peoples’ relationships with the land, culture, and spirituality essential for their survival and well-being? a) Yes b) No

yes

What contributed to the similarities in the ways people lived across the Americas? a) An abundance of mountains b) Limited access to water c) Abundant water access including coastlines, lakes, and rivers d) Technological advancements

c) Abundant water access including coastlines, lakes, and rivers

Did water-based trade routes encourage contact and cultural similarities among Indigenous peoples? a) Yes b) No

yes

What does the quote "There are no empty spaces. All spaces are used by something" reflect about Indigenous perspectives? a) Their belief in human superiority over nature b) Their view of the interconnectedness of all things c) Their focus on material resources d) Their focus on individual ownership of land

b) Their view of the interconnectedness of all things

Do Indigenous peoples believe that seemingly inert things possess a spirit? a) Yes b) No

yes

Were the beliefs of Indigenous peoples in animism and relational ontologies important in shaping their worldviews? a) Yes b) No

yes

What type of social structure did most Indigenous groups rely on? a) Authoritarian b) Egalitarian c) Feudal d) Capitalist

b) Egalitarian

Were leaders in Indigenous societies expected to provide tangible benefits to their communities? a) Yes b) No

yes

Was leadership in Indigenous societies based on the ability to provide for others? a) Yes b) No

yes

Which cultural hero is associated with the Mi'kmaq people? a) Spider Woman b) Glooscap c) Raven d) Coyote

b) Glooscap

Did Glooscap teach the Mi'kmaq people about what to eat, gather, and how to use fire and tobacco? a) Yes b) No

yes

Where were the earliest traces of human presence in the Atlantic Region found? a) Near the Great Lakes b) Near Cobequid Bay, Nova Scotia c) In the Gaspé Peninsula d) Along the Hudson Bay

b) Near Cobequid Bay, Nova Scotia

Did rising sea levels wash away many coastal settlements in the Atlantic region? a) Yes b) No

yes

Which region was home to the Innu people, and was inhospitable to agriculture? a) The Great Lakes b) The Prairies c) The Pre-Cambrian Shield d) The Atlantic Seaboard

c) The Pre-Cambrian Shield

Did the Innu rely on hunting and had to travel long distances for food? a) Yes b) No

yes

Did the Ojibwa people live on the Pre-Cambrian Shield and rely on hunting and fishing? a) Yes b) No

yes

Did the Ojibwa culture develop around a wide variety of species, including plant foods like berries and wild rice? a) Yes b) No

yes

Did the Ojibwa people practice agriculture, or did they live a more mobile existence? a) They practiced agriculture b) They lived a more mobile existence

b) They lived a more mobile existence

Did the Ojibwa people value the Weegwas (birch tree) for its many uses? a) Yes b) No

yes

Which language family did several peoples around the Great Lakes belong to? a) Algonquian b) Iroquoian c) Siouan d) Uto-Aztecan

b) Iroquoian

Did the Haudenosaunee form one of the oldest participatory democracies in the world? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

In the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, were nations allowed to deal with their internal affairs while deferring to the Grand Council on matters between nations? a) Yes b) No

yes

What were the large, multi-family dwelling places of the Haudenosaunee known as? A) Longhouses B) Tipis C) Dugout canoes D) Pueblos

A) Longhouses

How long ago did the Iroquoian-speaking peoples begin growing corn? A) 500 years ago B) 1500 years ago C) 2000 years ago D) 10,000 years ago

B) 1500 years ago

What was the primary food crop grown by the Iroquoian-speaking peoples by around 1000 CE? A) Wheat B) Corn C) Beans D) Rice

B) Corn

Which of the following was NOT a key crop grown by the Iroquoian-speaking peoples? A) Beans B) Squash C) Tobacco D) Potatoes

D) Potatoes

What was the method of agriculture used to clear land for planting in the Eastern Woodlands? A) Terrace farming B) Slash and burn agriculture C) Irrigation D) Hydroponics

B) Slash and burn agriculture

Which large mammal was central to the economies of the Plains peoples after the extinction of the mammoth? A) Bison B) Bear C) Moose D) Elk

A) Bison

What technique did the Plains peoples use to hunt bison before the reintroduction of the horse in the 1500s? A) Trapping B) Stampeding over cliffs C) Hunting in packs D) Poisoning the water supply

B) Stampeding over cliffs

Which of the following groups of peoples were NOT part of the Pacific Coast cultures? A) Haida B) Tsimshian C) Assiniboine D) Nuu-chah-nulth

C) Assiniboine

What was a central material for the cultures of the Northwest Coast, used in everything from totem poles to clothing? A) Birch bark B) Cedar C) Maple D) Pine

B) Cedar

Which group of people is associated with the 1285 treaty signing at The Forks in Winnipeg? A) Cree and Lakota B) Haida and Tsimshian C) Iroquois and Algonquin D) Assiniboine and Ojibwa

A) Cree and Lakota

What is one of the terms used to describe the meeting of the Old World and the New World? a) Conquest b) Invasion c) Discovery d) All of the above

d) All of the above

When did the first documented European visitations to North America occur? a) 12th century b) 14th century c) 11th century d) 16th century

c) 11th century

What was a key motivation for European exploration during the Renaissance? a) Scientific discovery b) Expansion of religious beliefs c) Wealth and resource exploitation d) Technological advancement

c) Wealth and resource exploitation

What was one of the first forms of contact between Europeans and Indigenous Peoples of the eastern Arctic in the 16th century? a) Trade of furs b) Whaling c) Missionary efforts d) Territorial disputes

b) Whaling

Who led the English expedition to North America in 1497? a) John Cabot b) Christopher Columbus c) Giovanni da Verrazzano d) Jacques Cartier

a) John Cabot

What was the primary focus of Cartier's second voyage to North America in 1535? a) To find the Northwest Passage b) To establish colonies c) To search for precious metals d) To explore the St. Lawrence River

d) To explore the St. Lawrence River

What significant event occurred in the early 17th century regarding Indigenous villages like Stadakohna and Hochelaga? a) They expanded due to European trade b) They disappeared c) They formed alliances with the French d) They were conquered by the English

b) They disappeared

What was one consequence of the fur trade on Indigenous Peoples and their environment? a) Increased population growth b) Economic independence from Europeans c) Overexploitation of resources d) Strengthened traditional lifeways

c) Overexploitation of resources

How did the Mi’kmaq people initially interact with Europeans? a) They resisted European settlements b) They became involved in the fur trade c) They established permanent colonies d) They helped build European settlements

b) They became involved in the fur trade

What did the French explorers in the 16th century, such as Jacques Cartier, seek when they arrived in the Americas? a) Territory for permanent settlements b) A route to Asia c) Religious conversions d) Scientific knowledge

b) A route to Asia

What major change was happening in Europe at the beginning of the 16th century? a) The rise of feudalism b) The breakdown of the feudal system c) The establishment of the Catholic Church d) The fall of monarchies

b) The breakdown of the feudal system

What was the primary reason European rulers sought overseas colonies in the 16th century? a) To spread Catholicism b) To gain political and economic advantage c) To convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity d) To expand military power

b) To gain political and economic advantage

What commodity became especially prized by Catholics in Newfoundland in the 16th century? a) Furs b) Gold c) Cod d) Whale oil

c) Cod

Which European countries dominated the North Atlantic fishery by the end of the 16th century? a) Spain and Portugal b) France and England c) England and France d) The Netherlands and Germany

c) England and France

What was the main reason for the European involvement in the fur trade in the 16th century? a) To support Indigenous populations b) To supply fashionable hats in Europe c) To spread Christianity d) To provide food for settlers

b) To supply fashionable hats in Europe

What was the primary purpose of the whale oil industry in the 16th century? a) To make leather b) To light European lamps c) To produce cosmetics d) To feed Europeans

b) To light European lamps

Which colony did the French establish in 1604 in the region of modern-day Canada? a) Quebec b) Acadia c) New Sweden d) Jamestown

b) Acadia

Who was the key figure behind the founding of Quebec in 1608? a) Samuel de Champlain b) Pierre Du Gua de Monts c) John Cabot d) Jean de Brébeuf

a) Samuel de Champlain

What was the first major success of the French settlement in Quebec? a) Establishing a profitable sugar trade b) Securing an alliance with the Five Nations c) Surviving the harsh winter of 1608 d) Converting Indigenous people to Christianity

c) Surviving the harsh winter of 1608

What was the primary trade product in Quebec in the early 17th century? a) Tobacco b) Furs c) Salt d) Fish

b) Furs

Which factor most directly contributed to the breakdown of feudalism in Europe? A) The rise of industrialization B) The expansion of trade and wealth through exploration C) The invention of the printing press D) The increase in population and urbanization

B) The expansion of trade and wealth through exploration

What was one of the primary goals of early European exploration in North America? A) To convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity B) To find a sea route to Asia for trade C) To establish large farming colonies D) To create a military presence in the New World

B) To find a sea route to Asia for trade

What role did Indigenous peoples play in the fur trade with the French? A) They controlled the fur trade markets in Europe B) They were primarily involved in the production of furs C) They acted as intermediaries, supplying furs and establishing trade networks D) They were largely uninvolved in the fur trade industry

C) They acted as intermediaries, supplying furs and establishing trade networks

Which European power established the first permanent colony in what is now Canada? A) England B) Spain C) France D) Portugal

C) France

What was a significant challenge for the French settlers in Quebec during the early 1600s? A) Hostile relations with the British settlers B) A lack of Indigenous trade partners C) Harsh winters and food shortages D) A lack of interest in fur trading

C) Harsh winters and food shortages

What was the significance of the alliance between the French and the Five Nations of the Iroquois? A) It allowed the French to dominate the fur trade across the continent B) It helped the French gain control of the cod fishing industry C) It enabled the French to secure military support against British settlers D) It facilitated peaceful coexistence between Europeans and all Indigenous groups

C) It enabled the French to secure military support against British settlers

Which geographic location became central to French exploration and settlement in the early 1600s? A) The Great Lakes B) Newfoundland C) The St. Lawrence River D) The Hudson Bay area

C) The St. Lawrence River

What long-term impact did European colonization have on Indigenous societies in Canada? A) Indigenous groups were able to maintain complete autonomy and control over their land B) Indigenous populations grew rapidly due to the influx of European settlers C) Indigenous social structures were altered, and many became dependent on European trade goods D) Indigenous people were forced into permanent warfare with European settlers

C) Indigenous social structures were altered, and many became dependent on European trade goods

Which event in 1608 marked a significant step in the development of French colonization in Canada? A) The founding of Montreal B) The establishment of Quebec as a permanent settlement C) The first shipment of cod to Europe D) The signing of a peace treaty with the Iroquois

B) The establishment of Quebec as a permanent settlement

What role did the environment, particularly the climate and geography, play in the development of the French colony in Canada? A) The harsh winters and terrain made farming the primary economic activity B) The abundant natural resources and rivers helped trade networks and settlement C) The lack of resources led to the abandonment of early French settlements D) The natural environment was largely disregarded by the French settlers

B) The abundant natural resources and rivers helped trade networks and settlement

Why were the Russians interested in North America during the 18th and 19th centuries? A) To establish agricultural settlements B) To extract valuable fur resources C) To build a military presence against British expansion D) To convert Indigenous peoples to Orthodoxy

B) To extract valuable fur resources

What event marked the beginning of Russian exploration of Alaska? A) The establishment of the Russian-American Company B) The voyage of Bering and Chirikov in 1741 C) The founding of New Archangel in 1804 D) The sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867

B) The voyage of Bering and Chirikov in 1741

What was the role of the Russian-American Company (RAC)? A) It managed fur extraction and colonial administration in Alaska B) It established agricultural settlements in Siberia C) It coordinated naval operations with the British Navy D) It acted as a military contractor for the Romanov Empire

A) It managed fur extraction and colonial administration in Alaska

What was the primary economic activity in Russian Alaska in the early 1800s? A) Mining B) Agriculture C) Fur trading and extraction D) Timber production

C) Fur trading and extraction

Who were considered the essential workers in the fur trade in Russian Alaska? A) Tlingit warriors B) Russian settlers from St. Petersburg C) Alutiiq and Aleut sea otter hunters D) Creole landowners

C) Alutiiq and Aleut sea otter hunters

What was the administrative capital of Russian America from 1804 to 1867? A) Kodiak B) Sitka (New Archangel) C) Kamchatka D) Anchorage

B) Sitka (New Archangel)

What role did Creoles (Kreoly) play in Russian Alaska? A) They were the primary landowners and fur traders B) They acted as intermediaries between the Russian administration and Indigenous peoples C) They were a special estate of people adapted to local conditions D) They served exclusively as missionaries

C) They were a special estate of people adapted to local conditions

What geographic feature did Russians use to reach North America? A) The Bering Strait B) The Aleutian Islands C) The Great Siberian Rivers D) The Gulf of Alaska

B) The Aleutian Islands

Which religious institution played a role in Russian Alaska? A) The Roman Catholic Church B) The Protestant Missions C) The Russian Orthodox Church D) The Anglican Church

C) The Russian Orthodox Church

What major event ended Russian control of Alaska in 1867? A) The Tlingit uprising B) The sale of Alaska to the United States C) The collapse of the Russian-American Company D) The end of the fur trade

B) The sale of Alaska to the United States

What was the primary goal of Louis XIV in making New France a province de France? a) To promote immigration from other European countries b) To create a dynamic French presence in North America c) To establish a monarchy in New France d) To weaken the fur trade

b) To create a dynamic French presence in North America

What was the first objective of Colbert’s plan for New France? a) To develop a strong agricultural base b) To enhance domestic industries c) To strengthen the colony militarily d) To expand the fur trade

c) To strengthen the colony militarily

Under the seigneurial system, what obligation did the censitaires have toward the seigneur? a) Build a church for the community b) Pay cens and rentes as rent and dues c) Provide military service to the king d) Maintain the manor house

b) Pay cens and rentes as rent and dues

Who was responsible for implementing Colbert’s seigneurial reforms in New France in 1665? a) Louis XIV b) Jean-Baptiste Colbert c) Jean Talon d) The Carignan-Salières regiment

c) Jean Talon

What strategy did the French Crown use to address the social imbalance of too many bachelors in New France? a) Taxing unmarried men heavily b) Sending the filles du roi to the colony c) Offering land grants to male settlers d) Promoting immigration of entire families

b) Sending the filles du roi to the colony

What was the main economic activity of New France by the early 18th century? a) Shipbuilding b) Fur trading c) Agriculture d) Overseas trade

c) Agriculture

What incentive did the state provide to encourage larger families in New France? a) Reduced taxes for farmers with large families b) Fines for couples with fewer than three children c) Financial gifts for families with ten or more children d) Free education for children of large families

c) Financial gifts for families with ten or more children

Which of the following industries did Jean Talon attempt to develop in New France but ultimately failed? a) Fur trade b) Agriculture c) Shipbuilding and overseas trade d) Mining

c) Shipbuilding and overseas trade

How did the habitants in New France benefit compared to peasants in France? a) Paid no taxes at all b) Paid lower taxes and tithes c) Owned all the land they worked on d) Were exempt from military obligations

b) Paid lower taxes and tithes

By the mid-18th century, what distinguished the society of New France from that of France? a) Higher social mobility among the habitants b) Stronger military ties to the king c) Greater reliance on urban development d) Limited agricultural activity

a) Higher social mobility among the habitants

What term did farmers in New France dislike being called? a) Settlers b) Peasants c) Pioneers d) Laborers

b) Peasants

Which Indigenous group lived at the mission in Lorette, near Quebec? a) Abenakis b) Wendat c) Haudenosaunee d) Anishinaabe

b) Wendat

Why did French missionaries accept certain Indigenous customs? a) To promote assimilation b) To avoid conflict with Christian teachings c) To enforce French laws d) To blend cultures completely

b) To avoid conflict with Christian teachings

What percentage of the slaves in New France were Indigenous? a) 25% b) 50% c) 66% d) 75%

c) 66%

What phrase best describes the identity of French colonists by the early 18th century? a) Canadiens b) French nationals c) Métis d) Habitants

a) Canadiens

Who was responsible for naming the Mississippi Valley "Louisiana"? a) Comte de Frontenac b) Louis Jolliet c) René-Robert, Cavelier de La Salle d) Samuel de Champlain

c) René-Robert, Cavelier de La Salle

What was a key weakness of New France during wartime? a) Lack of natural defenses b) Large population c) Precarious fur trade d) Decentralized leadership

c) Precarious fur trade

Which Indigenous alliance supported the French in the St. Lawrence Valley? a) The Five Nations b) The Seven Nations of Canada c) The Anishinaabe Confederacy d) The Haudenosaunee League

b) The Seven Nations of Canada

What was the purpose of Fortress Louisbourg? a) To protect the St. Lawrence River b) To defend Île Royale and the cod fishery c) To support fur trade expansion d) To house Indigenous allies

b) To defend Île Royale and the cod fishery

Who defied Colbert’s instructions and promoted westward expansion into the Mississippi Valley? a) René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle b) Comte de Frontenac c) Samuel de Champlain d) Louis Jolliet

b) Comte de Frontenac

Which Indigenous group primarily sided with the English during the imperial conflicts? a) The Anishinaabe b) The Haudenosaunee c) The Algonquians d) The Seven Nations of Canada

b) The Haudenosaunee

When was the Hudson’s Bay point blanket first introduced into the fur trade? a) 1659 b) 1779 c) 1701 d) 1681

b) 1779

What did the Great Thanksgiving or "words before all else" express gratitude for? a) The abundance of crops b) The Sun, Four Winds, and Thunder Beings c) Successful hunting seasons d) The protection from enemies

b) The Sun, Four Winds, and Thunder Beings

What practice among the Haudenosaunee sought to provide social continuity after a death? a) Mourning dance b) Requickening ceremony c) Spirit calling d) Tribute offering

b) Requickening ceremony

What was one of the main economic motives behind the Beaver Wars? a) Trade monopolies on weapons b) Control over fur trade routes c) Access to new agricultural land d) Gold and silver mining

b) Control over fur trade routes

Which nation did the Haudenosaunee attack and devastate in 1648? a) Wendake (Huronia) b) Tionontati (Petun) c) Eriechronon (Eries) d) Chonnonton (Neutrals)

a) Wendake (Huronia)

What marked the significance of the Peace of 1666-67 for the Haudenosaunee? a) Victory over the French b) Securing Dutch alliance c) Peace with New France to focus on other conflicts d) Abandoning the fur trade

c) Peace with New France to focus on other conflicts

Who were the French coureurs de bois? a) Licensed traders working with the Crown b) Unlicensed fur traders exploring the interior c) Indigenous traders collaborating with the French d) Military personnel guarding trade routes

b) Unlicensed fur traders exploring the interior

What was one key commodity introduced into the fur trade by the 1670s? a) Salt b) Alcohol c) Gold d) Tobacco

b) Alcohol

What did King Charles II’s charter for the Hudson’s Bay Company grant? a) Exclusive fur trade rights in Quebec b) A monopoly over Rupert’s Land c) Control over all trade in New France d) Naval dominance in the Atlantic

b) A monopoly over Rupert’s Land

Why did Montcalm prefer a defensive strategy during the Seven Years' War? a) He lacked sufficient troops b) He distrusted Indigenous allies' tactics c) The French government ordered it d) The British had superior naval power

b) He distrusted Indigenous allies' tactics

What was the primary purpose of Haudenosaunee raids in the 1640s-1660s? a) Establishing permanent settlements b) Capturing pelts and replacing population losses c) Expanding agricultural production d) Creating alliances with Wendat refugees

b) Capturing pelts and replacing population losses

What led to the Haudenosaunee losing their weapons advantage by the early 1660s? a) English alliances with their enemies b) The fall of New Netherland to the English c) Rival Indigenous groups becoming equally armed d) Shortages of European trade goods

c) Rival Indigenous groups becoming equally armed

Why did Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson approach England with their fur trade proposal? a) French officials refused to support their plan b) They sought independence from New France c) They wanted to challenge the Dutch fur trade monopoly d) England offered higher prices for furs

a) French officials refused to support their plan

What was the result of the Hudson’s Bay Company's establishment in 1670? a) Strengthened French trade networks b) Indigenous peoples lost control over their resources c) New France expanded its fur trade to Hudson Bay d) Reduced competition between European powers

b) Indigenous peoples lost control over their resources

What did the French government do in 1681 to regulate the coureurs de bois? a) Granted amnesty and introduced trading permits b) Issued licenses only to Indigenous middlemen c) Banned all fur trade activities in the interior d) Instituted severe penalties for unlicensed trading

a) Granted amnesty and introduced trading permits

What began the Seven Years' War in North America in 1754? a) A French invasion of British-held Nova Scotia b) Competition for alliances and sovereignty in the Ohio Valley c) British attacks on French fur trade posts d) French naval blockades in the Atlantic

b) Competition for alliances and sovereignty in the Ohio Valley

What led to the French defeat at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? a) Montcalm's failure to wait for reinforcements b) Wolfe's superior numbers and tactics c) Lack of Indigenous support for the French d) The British navy's blockade of the St. Lawrence River

a) Montcalm's failure to wait for reinforcements

What decisive naval battle sealed the fate of New France in 1759? a) Battle of Quiberon Bay b) Battle of Louisbourg c) Battle of Ste. Foy d) Battle of Fort Niagara

a) Battle of Quiberon Bay

What was the ultimate fate of New France after 1760? a) France regained control through a peace treaty b) Britain occupied New France and awaited the treaty's terms c) The Canadiens gained independence from both Britain and France d) Indigenous allies took control of the St. Lawrence Valley

b) Britain occupied New France and awaited the treaty's terms

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 led to Acadia being ceded to the British, which became known as: a) Quebec b) Nova Scotia c) Newfoundland d) Ontario

b) Nova Scotia

Why did the Acadians develop a distinct identity and culture under British rule? a) They were heavily influenced by the British Crown b) They had no military presence to protect them c) They were united by kinship, common beliefs, and mutual aid d) They wanted to assimilate to British culture

c) They were united by kinship, common beliefs, and mutual aid

What event led to the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755? a) They resisted British military rule b) They refused to swear an unqualified oath of allegiance to Britain c) They formed an alliance with the Indigenous Peoples d) They participated in a rebellion against the British

b) They refused to swear an unqualified oath of allegiance to Britain

Which Indigenous leader led a resistance against British encroachment in 1763, known as Pontiac's War? a) Tecumseh b) Geronimo c) Pontiac d) Sitting Bull

c) Pontiac

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was significant because it: a) Officially declared war on France b) Established the first legal recognition of Indigenous rights by the British Crown c) Allowed settlers to occupy Indigenous lands without restrictions d) Opened up the west for British colonization

b) Established the first legal recognition of Indigenous rights by the British Crown

Which law passed in 1774 by Britain allowed Catholics in Quebec to practice their religion but denied elected assemblies? a) The Royal Proclamation b) The Quebec Act c) The Treaty of Paris d) The Proclamation Line

b) The Quebec Act

What was the main reason the Thirteen Colonies reacted negatively to the Quebec Act? a) It extended Quebec’s boundaries into territory the colonists desired b) It created a new British military base in Quebec c) It gave Quebec’s Catholic population more power d) It abolished the practice of the French language in Quebec

a) It extended Quebec’s boundaries into territory the colonists desired

The Loyalists who opposed the American Revolution were: a) Mostly from the southern colonies b) Supporters of French independence c) Loyal to Britain and opposed rebellion d) Generally aligned with the Patriot cause

c) Loyal to Britain and opposed rebellion

Approximately how many Loyalists migrated to British North America after the American Revolution? a) 50,000 b) 20,000 c) 100,000 d) 70,000

d) 70,000

The Black Loyalists were promised freedom by the British in exchange for: a) Joining the Continental Army b) Supporting the British during the American Revolution c) Fighting against Indigenous Peoples d) Becoming settlers in Quebec

b) Supporting the British during the American Revolution

What did the Métis develop as a result of relations between white fur traders and Indigenous women? a) A distinct language b) A new nation c) An agricultural system d) A fur trading empire

b) A new nation

Which river system did Métis settlements extend across? a) St. Lawrence River b) Mississippi River c) Red River, Arkansas River, Saskatchewan River d) Ohio River

c) Red River, Arkansas River, Saskatchewan River

What new language developed among the Métis due to the blending of French and Indigenous cultures? a) Cree b) Michif c) French Cree d) Ojibwe

b) Michif

What year did William McGillivray of the NWC comment on the Métis as an independent tribe of natives? a) 1790 b) 1818 c) 1828 d) 1778

b) 1818

The Red River Settlement was established at the junction of which two rivers? a) Fraser and Columbia b) Assiniboine and Red c) St. Lawrence and Ottawa d) Mississippi and Missouri

b) Assiniboine and Red

Which of the following best describes the Métis economic activities in the early 19th century? a) They were primarily farmers b) They were buffalo hunters, farmers, trappers, traders, boatmen, intermediaries, and interpreters c) They were primarily fur traders d) They only engaged in buffalo hunting

b) They were buffalo hunters, farmers, trappers, traders, boatmen, intermediaries, and interpreters

What was the name of the European agricultural colony established at the Red River settlement? a) New France b) Assiniboia c) Quebec d) Fort Selkirk

b) Assiniboia

What significant action did Governor Macdonell take in 1814 regarding the pemmican supply? a) Allowed pemmican trade with the U.S. b) Placed an embargo on the export of pemmican from the Red River settlement c) Opened new trade routes for pemmican d) Allowed unrestricted pemmican exports

b) Placed an embargo on the export of pemmican from the Red River settlement

What happened at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816? a) A major defeat for the Métis b) The Métis seized control of the fort c) Governor Robert Semple and 20 of his men were killed d) The NWC destroyed the Selkirk settlement

c) Governor Robert Semple and 20 of his men were killed

What was the outcome of the violence at Red River and the Battle of Seven Oaks? a) The British government forced the Métis to leave the Red River b) The NWC and HBC merged to end the conflict c) The Métis were defeated and relocated d) A peace treaty was signed with the Indigenous nations

b) The NWC and HBC merged to end the conflict

Who became the governor of the newly restructured Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) after the merger with the NWC? a) Cuthbert Grant b) Lord Selkirk c) George Simpson d) Robert Semple

c) George Simpson

The British and Americans agreed to joint occupancy of which territory in 1818? a) Red River b) Columbia District c) Quebec d) Louisiana Territory

b) Columbia District

In 1778, which Indigenous group welcomed Captain James Cook at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island? a) Haida b) Nuu-chah-nulth c) Cree d) Ojibwe

b) Nuu-chah-nulth

Which commodity were the Nuu-chah-nulth particularly known for trading when Captain Cook arrived? a) Gold b) Sea otter pelts c) Furs from land animals d) Fish

b) Sea otter pelts

What was the effect of the American Revolution and the arrival of the Loyalists on the British government in Quebec? A) It led to the creation of a new military force. B) It prompted the British government to enact a new constitution for Quebec. C) It resulted in the division of Quebec into two provinces. D) It encouraged the British to grant Quebec independence.

B) It prompted the British government to enact a new constitution for Quebec.

What did the Constitution Act of 1791 achieve in Upper and Lower Canada? A) It granted full independence to the colonies. B) It divided the colony into two sections: Upper and Lower Canada. C) It abolished the Legislative Assembly. D) It allowed direct representation by the French Canadians in Parliament.

B) It divided the colony into two sections: Upper and Lower Canada.

Who was the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada and is known for establishing the framework for a Loyalist colony? A) John Graves Simcoe B) Lord Durham C) Tecumseh D) Louis Joseph Papineau

A) John Graves Simcoe

What was John Graves Simcoe’s main goal for Upper Canada? A) To establish a republican government. B) To create a colony that would remind Americans of the benefits of returning to British rule. C) To encourage independence from Britain. D) To establish a colony based on French culture and traditions.

B) To create a colony that would remind Americans of the benefits of returning to British rule.

What was the result of the American invasion attempts during the War of 1812 in Upper Canada? A) The Americans captured most of Upper Canada. B) Upper Canada successfully repelled the invasions, aided by British regulars, colonial militia, and First Nations. C) The war ended with a significant territorial loss for Upper Canada. D) The war led to the establishment of a republican government in Upper Canada.

B) Upper Canada successfully repelled the invasions, aided by British regulars, colonial militia, and First Nations.

What was one of the main causes of the Rebellions of 1837-38 in Lower and Upper Canada? A) Widespread support for the American Revolution. B) Tensions due to political power held by elites and exclusion of the middle class from government. C) The introduction of a new constitution by the British. D) Economic prosperity and lack of political opposition

B) Tensions due to political power held by elites and exclusion of the middle class from government.

In Lower Canada, which group was responsible for the concentration of political and economic power, often to the detriment of the French-speaking population? A) The Family Compact B) The Château Clique C) The Reformers D) The Loyalists

B) The Château Clique

Which Indigenous leader played a key role in assembling a powerful confederacy to resist American encroachment during the early 19th century? A) Louis Joseph Papineau B) Tecumseh C) John Graves Simcoe D) Joseph Brant

B) Tecumseh

What was a significant impact of the War of 1812 for Upper Canada's Tory elite? A) It led them to advocate for complete independence from Britain. B) It reinforced their beliefs in the need for the suppression of political opposition and maintaining social order. C) It encouraged them to support republicanism. D) It resulted in the removal of the British governor from power.

B) It reinforced their beliefs in the need for the suppression of political opposition and maintaining social order.

How did the population of Upper Canada change between 1815 and 1840? A) It decreased significantly due to war and disease. B) It remained stable, with little change. C) It quadrupled from fewer than 100,000 to more than 400,000. D) It grew slowly due to a lack of new settlers.

C) It quadrupled from fewer than 100,000 to more than 400,000.

Who was responsible for the Battle of Saint-Eustache in 1837? a) Robert Baldwin b) British troops and Patriote prisoners c) Lord Durham d) Wolfred Nelson

b) British troops and Patriote prisoners

Which event marked the rebellion in Upper Canada in 1837? a) The Battle of Saint-Eustache b) The execution of Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews c) The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern d) The Union of Upper and Lower Canada

c) The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern

What major action did the British take in Lower Canada after the rebellion of 1837? a) Signed the Rebellion Losses Bill b) Imposed martial law and suspended habeas corpus c) Established responsible government d) Sent additional troops to Upper Canada

b) Imposed martial law and suspended habeas corpus

What was Lord Durham's main conclusion about the rebellion in Lower Canada? a) It was a result of economic issues b) It was an ethnic conflict between two nations c) It was a fight for responsible government d) It was caused by British imperial policies

b) It was an ethnic conflict between two nations

Which of the following was one of Lord Durham's recommendations? a) Disband the Canadian militias b) Union of Lower and Upper Canada c) Dissolve the Patriote movement d) Grant responsible government immediately

b) Union of Lower and Upper Canada

What did the Act of Union of 1840 result in? a) Granting official status to the French language b) The division of Canada into separate provinces c) The creation of a single Province of Canada d) The end of the British imperial rule in Canada

c) The creation of a single Province of Canada

Which of the following best describes the Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849? a) It compensated Upper Canadian rebels only b) It granted property compensation to those who lost property during the Rebellions c) It compensated the British government for the cost of the Rebellions d) It was rejected by Lower Canadians

b) It granted property compensation to those who lost property during the Rebellions

What was the primary issue with the implementation of responsible government in the Canadas in the 1840s? a) The British government fully supported the colonial government b) Governors refused to grant sufficient autonomy to the colonies c) The colonies rejected the idea of responsible government d) The reformers failed to secure majority support in the assembly

b) Governors refused to grant sufficient autonomy to the colonies

What did the Reform Alliance in the 1840s aim to achieve in Canada? a) More direct control from Britain b) Greater political autonomy for the colonies c) A return to imperial rule d) Complete independence from Great Britain

b) Greater political autonomy for the colonies

What was the effect of responsible government on political power in Canada? a) It centralized power in the hands of the British monarchy b) It gave colonial politicians a wider scope to achieve their goals c) It reduced the influence of wealthy capitalists d) It guaranteed equal political rights for all citizens

b) It gave colonial politicians a wider scope to achieve their goals

How did the British government react to the Rebellions of 1837-1838? a) By granting immediate independence to Canada b) By imposing martial law and arresting many rebels c) By sending additional troops to Quebec d) By negotiating peace with the rebels

b) By imposing martial law and arresting many rebels

What was the impact of responsible government on Canadian society? a) It increased British control over Canadian politics b) It allowed colonial politicians to shape their own policies c) It led to the independence of Canada from Britain d) It reduced the role of the Canadian electorate in government

b) It allowed colonial politicians to shape their own policies

Who was one of British North America's most passionate nationalists during the rise of nationalism in the 19th century? A) John A. Macdonald B) George-Étienne Cartier C) Thomas D’Arcy McGee D) Joseph Howe

C) Thomas D’Arcy McGee

Which region of British North America was most receptive to the idea of Confederation in the 1860s? A) The Canadas B) Newfoundland C) The Maritimes D) Quebec

C) The Maritimes

What was the main economic concern for the Maritime colonies leading up to Confederation? A) Declining population B) High public debt C) Competition with the United States D) Lack of railway infrastructure

B) High public debt

Which event directly influenced British North Americans' fears of American annexation in the 1860s? A) The American Civil War B) The signing of the Reciprocity Treaty C) The Canadian rebellion of 1837 D) The War of 1812

A) The American Civil War

What was the British government's stance on the colonies' defense by the 1860s? A) The British government continued to provide full military protection. B) The British government decided to withdraw troops and wanted the colonies to handle their own defense. C) The British government increased military support for the colonies. D) The British government formed a defensive alliance with the United States.

B) The British government decided to withdraw troops and wanted the colonies to handle their own defense.

Which proposed infrastructure project did Joseph Howe of Nova Scotia strongly support? A) The Transcontinental Railway B) The Intercolonial Railway C) The Grand Trunk Railway D) The Canada Pacific Railway

B) The Intercolonial Railway

Which of the following best describes the political situation in the Province of Canada before Confederation? A) Economic growth and political unity B) Political stability and strong support for Confederation C) Economic growth but political instability D) Declining economy and political unity

C) Economic growth but political instability

Who played a key role in suggesting the creation of a "Great Coalition" for BNA Confederation? A) Samuel Leonard Tilley B) George-Étienne Cartier C) John A. Macdonald D) George Brown

D) George Brown

Which colony was not invited to the Maritime Union Conference in 1864? A) Nova Scotia B) New Brunswick C) Newfoundland D) Prince Edward Island

C) Newfoundland

What was the key reason behind Britain's desire for the BNA colonies to federate in the 1860s? A) To encourage independence in the colonies B) To reduce the cost of colonial administration and military protection C) To strengthen their control over the colonies D) To promote economic competition among colonies

B) To reduce the cost of colonial administration and military protection

What action did McDougall take on the night of November 30, 1869, regarding the Red River Colony? A) He waited for official confirmation of the transfer. B) He forged a royal proclamation and crossed the border to proclaim Canada's sovereignty. C) He organized a military expedition to take control. D) He negotiated with Métis leaders for control of the colony.

B) He forged a royal proclamation and crossed the border to proclaim Canada's sovereignty.

What was the Canadian government's initial reaction to McDougall’s actions in Red River Colony? A) They sent an armed expedition immediately. B) They delayed the transfer of the colony until the dispute was resolved. C) They sent military troops to suppress the Métis. D) They opened negotiations with the United States for joint control.

B) They delayed the transfer of the colony until the dispute was resolved.

Who was appointed to negotiate on behalf of the Canadian government with the Métis in 1869? A) John A. Macdonald B) George-Étienne Cartier C) Donald A. Smith D) Bishop Taché

C) Donald A. Smith

What was the key document drawn up by Riel’s provisional government in November 1869? A) The Red River Declaration B) The Métis Bill of Rights C) The Manitoba Act D) The Canadian Constitution

B) The Métis Bill of Rights

Why did Thomas Scott's execution in March 1870 become a national crisis? A) It was a symbolic victory for the Métis over Canadian control. B) Protestants in Ontario viewed him as a martyr, inflaming sectarian tensions. C) It resulted in the collapse of the provisional government. D) It led to the withdrawal of French-Canadian support for Riel.

B) Protestants in Ontario viewed him as a martyr, inflaming sectarian tensions.

What was one of the key features of the Manitoba Act of 1870? A) The establishment of French as the sole official language. B) The guarantee of land rights for the Métis. C) The disbanding of Protestant schools. D) The establishment of the province of Manitoba with British rule.

B) The guarantee of land rights for the Métis.

What major challenge did the Métis face after Manitoba entered Confederation? A) A reduction in their land rights and increasing settler encroachment. B) The dissolution of the Métis provisional government. C) The complete dominance of French-Canadians in the province. D) The creation of a new Métis province in Saskatchewan.

A) A reduction in their land rights and increasing settler encroachment.

Why did Riel flee to the United States after the arrival of Canadian troops in Manitoba? A) To avoid arrest by the Canadian authorities. B) He was dissatisfied with the terms of the Manitoba Act. C) He believed he had achieved a great victory for the Métis and was no longer needed. D) He was pressured by the American government to leave.

C) He believed he had achieved a great victory for the Métis and was no longer needed.

What did the Canadian military expedition to Red River in 1870 accomplish? A) It defeated the Métis and forced them to abandon their land. B) It helped impose Canadian control over the region but included Orangemen who caused tension with the Métis. C) It led to the final negotiations for Métis independence. D) It drove American expansionists out of the region.

B) It helped impose Canadian control over the region but included Orangemen who caused tension with the Métis.

What long-term effect did the settlement of white settlers in Manitoba have on the Métis population? A) It led to the Métis gaining political power. B) It resulted in the Métis losing their land and cultural rights. C) It strengthened the Métis community's cultural influence. D) It helped Métis integrate into Canadian society.

B) It resulted in the Métis losing their land and cultural rights.

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