exam 3 chap 15 Psychological disorders Flashcards by Abe 권

Which of the following terms refers to the scientific study of psychological disorders?

A) Abnormal psychology
B) Psychopathology
C) Mental health
D) Cognitive therapy

) A) Abnormal psychology (not normal)

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What is a weakness of the medical model in understanding mental illness?

A) It focuses too much on biology and not enough on psychological or social factors.
B) It neglects the biological basis of mental illness
C) It focuses exclusively on socio-cultural influences
D) It ignores the use of medication for treatment

A) It focuses too much on biology and not enough on psychological or social factors.

The medical model is a way of understanding mental illness by treating it like a physical disease

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What are the key features commonly referred to as “the four Ds” in defining psychological abnormality?

A) Deviation, distress, dysfunction, and danger
B) Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
C) Disease, dysfunction, depression, and distress
D) Distress, danger, disease, and disorder

B) Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

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How does deviance contribute to defining psychological abnormality?

A) It considers behavior normal as long as it is unique
B) It refers to behavior that deviates from society’s accepted norms
C) It is always the result of psychological illness
D) It applies only to behaviors that are considered dangerous

B) It refers to behavior that deviates from society’s accepted norms

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Which of the following statements about distress is correct in the context of psychological abnormality?

A) Distress is only relevant when it leads to physical symptoms
B) Behaviors or emotions must cause distress or unhappiness to be considered abnormal
C) Distress is always external and not related to an individual’s emotions
D) Distress is irrelevant to the concept of abnormality

B) Behaviors or emotions must cause distress or unhappiness to be considered abnormal

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What is the role of dysfunction in determining psychological abnormality?

A) Dysfunction refers to behavior that does not fit into society’s norms
B) Dysfunction means the behavior disrupts daily functioning, such as work and social interactions
C) Dysfunction only applies to behaviors that are dangerous to others
D) Dysfunction is not a significant factor in defining abnormality

B) Dysfunction means the behavior disrupts daily functioning, such as work and social interactions

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What does the “danger” aspect of psychological abnormality refer to?

A) People who are mentally ill are always a danger to others
B) Some individuals with psychological dysfunction are at risk of harm, either to themselves or others
C) Danger is unrelated to psychological abnormality and pertains only to physical health
D) Individuals with abnormal psychology can never pose a danger to themselves

B) Some individuals with psychological dysfunction are at risk of harm, either to themselves or others

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Which of the following is true about eccentric individuals?
a) They typically suffer from psychological disorders.
b) They deviate from common behavior patterns and are usually unaware of it.
c) Their behavior is usually chosen freely and provides them with pleasure.
d) Their behavior causes them significant distress and dysfunction.

c) Their behavior is usually chosen freely and provides them with pleasure.

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What is the main difference between eccentricity and psychological abnormality?
a) Eccentric behavior is always harmful to others.
b) Eccentricity is chosen freely and does not cause suffering, while abnormality is often thrust upon individuals and causes distress.
c) Eccentricity is linked to a psychological disorder, whereas abnormality is not.
d) Abnormality is more common than eccentricity in society.

b) Eccentricity is chosen freely and does not cause suffering, while abnormality is often thrust upon individuals and causes distress.

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Which of the following is an example of an antiquated psychological disorder that is no longer considered valid?
a) Homosexuality
b) Schizophrenia
c) Major depressive disorder
d) Generalized anxiety disorder

a) Homosexuality

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What is a key characteristic of psychological abnormality?
a) It must always cause violence.
b) It follows societal norms.
c) It often leads to personal distress and dysfunction.
d) It is always dangerous to others.

c) It often leads to personal distress and dysfunction.

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Which of the following is considered a recent addition to the “Four D’s” of abnormality?
a) Duration
b) Deviance
c) Dysfunction
d) Danger

a) Duration

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What does “nosophobia” refer to?
a) A fear of specific diseases.
b) A health anxiety, often seen in medical students.
c) A psychological disorder involving eating non-food items.
d) A fear of medical professionals

b) A health anxiety, often seen in medical students.

Nosophobia is the fear of developing a specific disease.

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Which of the following is a myth about psychological disorders?
a) People with psychological disorders often lead normal lives.
b) People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.
c) People with psychological disorders can fully recover with treatment.
d) Psychological disorders are always inherited.

b) People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.

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What does the M’Naghten rule in the context of insanity suggest?
a) A person is considered insane if they are unable to pay attention.
b) Insanity is defined by an inability to distinguish right from wrong due to mental disorder.
c) Insanity is diagnosed when a person behaves violently.
d) Insanity exists only if the person has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.

b) Insanity is defined by an inability to distinguish right from wrong due to mental disorder.

M’Naghten Rule is a legal standard used to determine whether a defendant can be held criminally responsible for their actions due to insanity.

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In Canada, when can a person be found “not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder”?
a) When they have been diagnosed with any mental illness.
b) When their mental disorder prevents them from distinguishing right from wrong.
c) When they demonstrate violent behavior.
d) When they show no symptoms of a disorder.

b) When their mental disorder prevents them from distinguishing right from wrong.

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Which of the following is an example of “pica disorder”?
a) Eating non-food items.
b) A fear of medical environments.
c) Extreme sadness and hopelessness.
d) Constantly washing hands.

a) Eating non-food items.

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What is a symptom in the context of psychological disorders?
a) A treatment plan for a disorder.
b) A physical, behavioral, or mental feature that helps indicate a condition.
c) A medical diagnosis given by a doctor.
d) A cure for a mental disorder.

b) A physical, behavioral, or mental feature that helps indicate a condition.

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What is the classification system used by most countries to classify psychological disorders?
a) DSM-5
b) ICD-11
c) DSM-IV
d) APA Manual

b) ICD-11

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Which of the following concerns have been raised about the DSM-5?
a) It lacks recognition for common mental disorders.
b) It is too focused on societal causes such as poverty and abuse.
c) It includes overly broad and “fuzzy” constructs.
d) It is no longer used by professionals in North America.

c) It includes overly broad and “fuzzy” constructs.

some mental health disorders are defined too vaguely,

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What is comorbidity?
a) A treatment plan that treats multiple disorders at once.
b) The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in one person.
c) The classification of an individual based on one diagnosis.
d) A diagnostic process for identifying a disorder.

b) The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in one person (at the same time)

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Which classification system is used primarily in Canada to classify psychological disorders?
a) ICD-11
b) DSM-5
c) APA Manual
d) DSM-III

b) DSM-5

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What is one of the main criticisms of the DSM-5 in its current form?
a) It is universally embraced by all mental health professionals.
b) It acknowledges societal-level causes of mental disorders like poverty.
c) It lacks sufficient input from the psychiatric drug industry.
d) It includes narrow definitions and overlooks causal mechanisms like abuse.

d) It includes narrow definitions and overlooks causal mechanisms like abuse.

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What is a concern related to the increasing number of specific diagnoses in the DSM-5?
a) There may be confusion between normal problems and mental disorders.
b) It makes it harder for professionals to diagnose disorders.
c) It leads to underdiagnosis of mental health issues.
d) It eliminates the need for clear criteria for mental disorders.

a) There may be confusion between normal problems and mental disorders.

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What is the DSM-5? A) A manual for diagnosing physical illnesses B) A classification system for mental disorders used worldwide C) A type of psychological treatment plan D) A diagnostic tool for non-mental health conditions

B) A classification system for mental disorders used worldwide

According to the neuroscience model, what causes abnormal behavior? A) Unresolved childhood trauma B) Malfunctioning brain processes C) Social factors and cultural influences D) Behavioral conditioning

B) Malfunctioning brain processes

2: What has research linked depression to in terms of neurotransmitter activity? A) Excessive dopamine and serotonin B) Deficient (lack of) norepinephrine and serotonin C) Excessive cortisol and norepinephrine D) Deficient dopamine and cortisol

B) Deficient norepinephrine and serotonin

What hormone is mentioned as being linked to depression when its secretion (produced) is abnormal? A) Adrenaline B) Cortisol C) Oxytocin D) Thyroxine

B) Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, often called the "stress hormone." It helps your body respond to stress, but when it's produced in high amounts for a long time, it can be linked to feelings of depression. Abnormal levels of cortisol (either too high or too low) have been shown to affect mood and mental health.

What is the primary characteristic of psychotic disorders? A) Emotional instability B) A break from reality C) Repetitive behaviors D) Social withdrawal

B) A break from reality

What does the term "schizophrenia" mean in Greek? A) Split personality B) Split mind C) Multiple minds D) Single thought

B) Split mind

Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A) Hallucinations B) Disordered thoughts C) Flat affect D) Bizarre behaviors

C) Flat affect Flat affect refers to a lack of emotional expression

What percentage of people with schizophrenia fully recover? A) 25% B) 35% C) 50% D) 10%

A) 25%

What two main factors have received attention in explaining brain and chemical dysfunctions in mental disorders? A) Genetics and childhood trauma B) Genetics and viral infections C) Environmental stress and viral infections D) Psychological stress and nutrition

B) Genetics and viral infections

According to the neuroscience model, mental disorders are often related to: A) Deficient brain structures only B) Imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormonal activity C) Environmental factors exclusively D) Poor coping strategies

B) Imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormonal activity

The biopsychosocial perspective emphasizes which of the following? A) Biological factors only B) Psychological factors only C) Social factors only D) The interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

D) The interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

According to the cognitive-behavioural model, psychological disorders result primarily from: A) Genetic factors B) A combination of learned behaviours and dysfunctional cognitive processes C) Biological abnormalities D) Environmental stressors

B) A combination of learned behaviors and dysfunctional cognitive processes

In the cognitive-behavioural model, which of the following is considered to be a key variable influencing abnormal functioning? A) Only cognitive processes B) Only biological events C) Only emotions D) Emotions, biological events, and both behaviours and cognitions

D) Emotions, biological events, and both behaviors and cognitions

What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioural therapists when working with people who have psychological disorders? A) Changing their physical brain structure B) Focusing on the biological causes of the disorder C) Helping them change their thoughts and behaviours D) Using medication to alter cognitive processes

C) Helping them change their thoughts and behaviours

The shift from the behavioral model to the cognitive-behavioral perspective occurred because: A) Behavioral principles were found to be ineffective B) The need to understand private thoughts and beliefs was recognized C) Cognitive processes were seen as irrelevant to behavior D) New medications were discovered for treating disorders

B) The need to understand private thoughts and beliefs was recognized

According to the behavioural perspective, abnormal behaviours are: A) Inherited genetically B) Caused by unresolved unconscious conflicts C) Acquired through the same principles of learning as adaptive behaviours D) The result of abnormal brain chemistry

C) Acquired through the same principles of learning as adaptive behaviours

In the behavioural perspective, phobias are thought to develop through: A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning D) Biological predisposition

A) Classical conditioning

According to behavioural theorists, why might some individuals learn to abuse alcohol or drugs? A) Due to genetic predispositions B) Because these substances initially brought feelings of calm, comfort, or pleasure C) To escape from social pressure D) Because they lack self-discipline

B) Because these substances initially brought feelings of calm, comfort, or pleasure

What learning process is involved when individuals develop behaviours based on rewards or punishments? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Observational learning D) Cognitive modelling

B) Operant conditioning

What behavioural concept explains how children may imitate (copy aggressive behaviour observed in others? A) Operant conditioning B) Modelling C) Cognitive dissonance D) Reinforcement theory

B) Modelling

Which famous study demonstrated that children could learn aggression by observing a model? A) Milgram's obedience study B) Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment C) Pavlov's conditioning experiment D) Skinner’s operant conditioning study

B) Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

Why might children of psychologically dysfunctional parents develop maladaptive reactions? A) Due to genetic inheritance B) Due to the influence of the maladaptive models presented by their parents C) Due to a lack of education D) Due to exposure to social norms

B) Due to the influence of the maladaptive models presented by their parents (bad examples of behavior that people copy from others.)

According to the cognitive perspective, what are two main cognitive problems that can cause abnormal functioning? 1.Maladaptive beliefs and logical thinking processes 2.Illogical thinking processes and adaptive beliefs 3.Maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking processes 4.Adaptive beliefs and logical thinking processes

3.Maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking processes

Which cognitive error involves focusing only on the negative aspects of an event? Magnification Overgeneralization Selective perception Catastrophizing

Selective perception

What does the psychodynamic model suggest determines a person’s behavior? A. Conscious decisions and choices B. Unconscious psychological forces C. Environmental influences D. Genetic predispositions

B. Unconscious psychological forces

According to psychodynamic theorists, what causes abnormal behaviors or symptoms? A. Hormonal imbalances B. Conflicts between unconscious psychological forces C. Lack of education D. Physical injury

B. Conflicts between unconscious psychological forces

How do psychodynamic theorists view symptoms of abnormal behavior? A. As attempts to gain attention B. As a result of chemical imbalances C. As unconscious efforts to resolve inner conflicts D. As solely learned behaviors

C. As unconscious efforts to resolve inner conflicts

What is the primary motivation according to object relations theorists? A. The desire for wealth. B. The need to establish relationships with others, known as objects. C. The pursuit of self-actualization. D. The avoidance of pain and discomfort.

B. The need to establish relationships with others, known as objects.

What do object relations theorists believe about early relationships? A. They have no significant impact on adult functioning. B. They are crucial for healthy development and adult functioning. C. They only affect biological processes. D. They determine intelligence levels in adulthood.

B. They are crucial for healthy development and adult functioning.

According to the socio-cultural model, what factors are important in understanding abnormal behavior? A. Biological genetics. B. Social, cultural, and family forces. C. Personality traits. D. Only individual psychological experiences.

B. Social, cultural, and family forces.

What can major societal changes, like urbanization, lead to in terms of mental health? A. A decrease in mental disorders. B. A rise in mental disorders. C. No impact on mental health. D. An improvement in overall mental well-being.

B. A rise in mental disorders.

What is linked to an increase in mental disorders in societies undergoing economic depression? A. Higher rates of crime. B. Rise in clinical depression and suicide. C. Better access to healthcare. D. Decrease in poverty rates.

B. Rise in clinical depression and suicide.

Which group has been found to have higher rates of psychological abnormality, especially severe abnormality? A. Higher socio-economic classes. B. Lower socio-economic classes. C. Middle socio-economic classes. D. Individuals with higher educational levels.

B. Lower socio-economic classes.

What are some stressors linked to poverty that may affect mental health? A. Overcrowding, unemployment, and crime. B. High-income opportunities and good medical care. C. Stable family systems and social networks. D. High levels of social support.

A. Overcrowding, unemployment, and crime.

According to many theorists, what is necessary to understand human behavior, including abnormal behavior? A. Focusing on only the individual’s biology. B. Examining the individual’s cultural context. C. Only considering the individual’s early childhood experiences. D. Ignoring external societal pressures.

B. Examining the individual’s cultural context.

What is a potential result of being a member of marginalized cultural groups? A. A sense of belonging and security. B. Reduced mental health stress. C. Increased stress and potential abnormal functioning. D. Complete immunity from societal pressures.

C. Increased stress and potential abnormal functioning.

What is one reason why women may be more likely than men to be diagnosed with depressive and anxiety disorders? A) Women are biologically more prone to mental illness B) Women are more likely to seek treatment for mental health issues C) Women are less affected by stress than men D) Men are less likely to recognize their mental health issues

B) Women are more likely to seek treatment for mental health issues

What has research suggested about the correlation between spirituality and mental health? A) Spiritual individuals tend to be more pessimistic and anxious B) Spirituality has no effect on mental health C) Spiritual individuals are often less lonely and depressed D) Spiritual individuals have higher rates of substance abuse

C) Spiritual individuals are often less lonely and depressed

According to research, how does social isolation affect mental health? A) It has no effect on mental health B) It increases the likelihood of becoming depressed under stress C) It has a positive effect on coping with stress D) It decreases the likelihood of depression

B) It increases the likelihood of becoming depressed under stress

What is the focus of developmental psychopathology? (over time) A) How psychological disorders evolve based on genetics and childhood experiences B) How adults handle mental health issues C) The treatment of mental illnesses in children D) How genetics influence childhood behaviors only

A) How psychological disorders evolve based on genetics and childhood experiences

What does the concept of equifinality suggest in developmental psychopathology? A) People with similar experiences will always have similar outcomes B) Different children with different beginnings can end up with similar outcomes C) Everyone with a difficult childhood will develop psychological disorders D) The same outcomes can never arise from different experiences

B) Different children with different beginnings can end up with similar outcomes

What is multifinality in the context of developmental psychopathology? A) Children with similar beginnings can end up in very different psychological places B) Children with the same experiences will have the same outcomes C) Only children with difficult childhoods experience mental health issues D) All children with trauma will develop psychological disorders

A) Children with similar beginnings can end up in very different psychological places

What is resilience, according to developmental psychopathology? A) The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances B) The tendency to become depressed after experiencing negative events C) The inability to overcome environmental stressors D) A condition that prevents individuals from experiencing mental illness

A) The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances

What major types of brain problems are linked to abnormal functioning? A) Blood pressure fluctuations B) Damage to specific brain regions, imbalances in neurotransmitters, and abnormalities in brain structures C) Changes in eating habits and physical activity D) Increased activity in the left hemisphere of the brain

B) Damage to specific brain regions, imbalances in neurotransmitters, and abnormalities in brain structures

In the view of cognitive-behavioral theorists, what kinds of problems can lead to abnormal functioning? A) Unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood B) Faulty thinking patterns and learned behaviors C) Lack of self-actualization D) Failure to adapt to societal expectations

B) Faulty thinking patterns and learned behaviors

How are the humanistic and existential models similar, and how do they differ? A) Both focus on the unconscious mind, but humanistic looks at past experiences and existential looks at future goals B) Both focus on personal growth, but humanistic is about self-actualization and existential is about finding meaning in life C) Both models look at the biological causes of abnormal functioning, but humanistic focuses on treatment and existential focuses on prevention D) Both models focus on thinking errors, but humanistic focuses on therapy and existential focuses on social norms

B) Both focus on personal growth, but humanistic is about self-actualization and existential is about finding meaning in life

What are the two main types of mood disorders? A) Unipolar mood disorder and bipolar disorder B) Major depressive disorder and dysthymia C) Depression and mania D) Anxiety disorder and panic disorder

A) Unipolar mood disorder and bipolar disorder a person feels sad or depressed most of the time, but not in cycles or alternating with happy, energetic feelings. They stay in one mood state, like feeling down for a long time. person has mood swings that go between two extremes: feeling really happy, energetic, or "high" (mania) and then feeling very sad or down (depression)

Which of the following is a key feature of mania? A) Extreme sadness and hopelessness B) Lack of energy and motivation C) Breathless euphoria and exaggerated belief in one’s abilities D) Chronic low mood that lasts for years

C) Breathless euphoria and exaggerated belief in one’s abilities C) Feeling extremely happy and thinking you can do anything.

What is the main difference between major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)? A) MDD is chronic, while dysthymia is short-term B) MDD is more severe and disabling than dysthymia C) Dysthymia involves alternating episodes of mania and depression D) MDD is caused by biological factors, while dysthymia is psychological

B) MDD is more severe and disabling than dysthymia

What is a major difference between the depression rates in men and women? A) Men are more likely to seek help for depression B) Women tend to experience depression due to greater societal roles and stress C) Men and women have equal depression rates D) Women experience depression in childhood, while men experience it in adulthood

B) Women tend to experience depression due to greater societal roles and stress

What percentage of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) recover within a year? A) 50% B) 75% C) 90% D) 100%

C) 90%

What is the key characteristic of bipolar disorder? A) Persistent low mood without mania B) Alternating periods of depression and mania C) Chronic mild depression D) Inability to experience euphoria

B) Alternating periods of depression and mania

What is the primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)? A) Persistent feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities B) Alternating periods of hyperactivity and depressive episodes C) Lack of energy but no sadness D) Chronic mania without depressive episodes

A) Persistent feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities

Which of the following is a key feature of Bipolar Disorder? A) Chronic sadness without periods of mania B) Alternating states of depression and mania or hypomania C) Only experiences depression without manic episodes D) Always starts in adulthood and is equally common in men and women

B) Alternating states of depression and mania or hypomania

What is the most likely age of onset for Bipolar Disorder? A) Childhood B) Late adulthood C) Adolescence or early adulthood D) Middle adulthood

C) Adolescence or early adulthood

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder worldwide? A) 0.5% B) 1-2.6% C) 10% D) 20%

B) 1-2.6%

What is a common explanation for the development of depression according to neuroscientists? A) High levels of serotonin and norepinephrine B) Genetic predisposition and high cortisol levels C) Excessive social support D) Positive thinking patterns

B) Genetic predisposition and high cortisol levels

Which of the following best describes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? A) Anxiety triggered by a specific event or situation B) Chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to a particular stressor C) Sudden episodes of extreme panic D) Anxiety caused by social situations only

B) Chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to a particular stressor

What is a key feature of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? A) Persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and the need to perform rituals (compulsions) B) Extreme sadness and loss of interest in activities C) Frequent panic attacks and uncontrollable fear D) Extreme sensitivity to uncertainty

A) Persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and the need to perform rituals (compulsions) someone has repeated, unwanted thoughts (called obsessions) that make them feel anxious or worried. To deal with this anxiety, they feel the need to do certain rituals or actions (called compulsions), like washing their hands many times or checking things over and over. The person feels like they have to do these actions, even though they might know they're not really necessary.

Which of the following is a common cause of anxiety disorders, according to neuroscientists? A) Low cortisol levels B) Genetic predisposition and imbalances in GABA C) Excessive positive thinking D) Strong social support

B) Genetic predisposition and imbalances in GABA

What is the most common trauma associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? A) Transportation accidents B) Death of a loved one C) Natural disasters D) Financial loss

A) Transportation accidents

Which group is more likely to develop PTSD? A) Older adults B) Males C) Young people and women D) Middle-aged individuals

C) Young people and women

What is the key characteristic of depression as described in the textbook? A) Increased energy and excitement B) Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest C) Over-optimism and hyperactivity D) Extreme irritability and anger

B) Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest

Which of the following is a common cognitive symptom of depression? A) Delusions of grandeur B) Pessimism and negative thinking C) Hyperactivity and excitement D) Increased levels of energy

B) Pessimism and negative thinking

According to the textbook, what is a significant risk for people with severe depression? A) Increased social support B) A greater likelihood of experiencing sleep disturbances C) A high risk of suicide D) Decreased cortisol levels

C) A high risk of suicide

What biological factor do neuroscientists often associate with major depressive disorder? A) High serotonin and norepinephrine activity B) Low cortisol levels C) Low norepinephrine and serotonin activity D) High dopamine levels

C) Low norepinephrine and serotonin activity

Which neurotransmitter imbalance is most commonly linked to depression? A) GABA B) Glutamate C) Norepinephrine and serotonin D) Acetylcholine

C) Norepinephrine and serotonin

According to twin studies, what is the chance that an identical twin will develop depression if the other twin has it? A) 46% B) 20% C) 75% D) 10%

A) 46%

What does the concept of learned helplessness in the context of depression refer to? A) The inability to understand the consequences of actions B) A sense of control over negative outcomes C) A belief that one is incapable of changing or avoiding negative outcomes D) Excessive optimism in difficult situations

C) A belief that one is incapable of changing or avoiding negative outcomes believing that you can't change or stop bad things from happening, even when you could. This happens when someone keeps facing problems they can't control and then feels like they can't do anything to improve things, leading to feelings of hopelessness.

What does Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness theory of depression propose? A) People become depressed when they feel they can control all aspects of their lives. B) Depression occurs when people believe they have control over rewards and punishments. C) People become depressed when they believe they have no control over the rewards and punishments in their lives. D) Depression is unrelated to perceptions of control in life.

C) People become depressed when they believe they have no control over the rewards and punishments in their lives.

In Seligman’s original experiment with dogs, what did the dogs learn after receiving inescapable shocks? A) They learned to escape the shocks. B) They learned that they had no control over the shocks. C) They learned to resist the shocks. D) They learned to enjoy the shocks.

B) They learned that they had no control over the shocks.

How did the dogs respond when placed in a new situation where they could escape the shocks? A) They escaped the shocks immediately. B) They continued to act helpless and accepted the shocks. C) They showed fear but eventually escaped. D) They actively avoided the shocks.

B) They continued to act helpless and accepted the shocks.

According to the revised attribution-helplessness theory, how do people view their lack of control in events that may lead to depression? A) They view the lack of control as temporary and external. B) They attribute their lack of control to an internal, global, and stable cause. C) They believe they can change the outcome of the situation. D) They blame others for their lack of control.

B) They attribute their lack of control to an internal, global, and stable cause. This means that, according to the revised attribution-helplessness theory, people who may develop depression tend to believe that their lack of control over negative events is due to something about themselves (internal), that it affects many areas of their life (global), and that it will not change over time (stable). This kind of thinking can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression.

What is likely to happen if people attribute their helplessness to external factors? A) They are more likely to experience depression. B) They are less likely to experience depression. C) They will try to change their behavior. D) They will feel empowered and take control of their situation.

B) They are less likely to experience depression.

According to Aaron Beck, what is a key factor in depression? A) Positive thinking B) Dysfunctional attitudes and errors in thinking C) Lack of sleep D) High self-esteem

B) Dysfunctional attitudes and errors in thinking

What is an example of a dysfunctional attitude identified by Beck? A) "I am always right." B) "My general worth is tied to every task I perform." C) "Everyone likes me." D) "I can handle any situation."

B) "My general worth is tied to every task I perform."

What is the cognitive triad, according to Beck? A) A pattern of thinking where individuals interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways. B) A pattern of thinking focused on positive outcomes. C) A series of thoughts aimed at improving self-esteem. D) A focus on external events rather than internal thoughts.

A) A pattern of thinking where individuals interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways.

According to Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad theory, which of the following contributes to an increased vulnerability to depression? A) Positive thinking B) Negative thoughts about the self, world, and future C) Lack of social media interaction D) Excessive physical activity

B) Negative thoughts about the self, world, and future

What have studies shown about the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depression? A) Depressed people have fewer dysfunctional attitudes. B) The more dysfunctional attitudes people have, the more depressed they tend to be. C) Dysfunctional attitudes are unrelated to depression. D) Depressed individuals do not hold any dysfunctional attitudes.

B) The more dysfunctional attitudes people have, the more depressed they tend to be.

According to socio-cultural theorists, what is an important factor in the development of major depressive disorder? A) Genetics only B) Social forces, including stressors and lack of social support C) Lack of physical exercise D) Balanced dietary habits

B) Social forces, including stressors and lack of social support

Which group is shown to have higher depression rates according to socio-cultural theories? A) Married individuals B) Separated or divorced individuals C) People with stable employment D) College students

B) Separated or divorced individuals

Which of the following symptoms is commonly seen in individuals with mania? A) Extreme sadness B) Euphoric joy or extreme agitation C) Lack of motivation D) Decreased physical energy

B) Euphoric joy or extreme agitation

According to studies, bipolar disorder is equally common in which of the following groups? A) Women only B) Men only C) Men and women D) Only among middle-aged individuals

C) Men and women

According to the diathesis-stress model, what factors contribute to the development of bipolar disorder? A) Only genetic factors B) Only stress and environmental factors C) A combination of genetic predisposition and stress or environmental factors D) Random chance with no identifiable factors

C) A combination of genetic predisposition and stress or environmental factors theory used to explain how mental disorders develop.

What is learned helplessness, and what is its role in depression? A) A state of passive acceptance after experiencing uncontrollable negative events, contributing to the development of depression B) A belief that depression can be cured by positive thinking C) A psychological condition where individuals feel constant happiness regardless of circumstances D) A coping mechanism for dealing with stress and anxiety

A) A state of passive acceptance after experiencing uncontrollable negative events, contributing to the development of depression

What is the cognitive triad? A) A pattern of three positive thoughts that help improve mood B) A combination of negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future C) A theory explaining manic episodes in bipolar disorder D) A model of cognitive development in children

B) A combination of negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future

How does bipolar disorder differ from major depression? A) Bipolar disorder only involves depressive episodes, while major depression includes both depressive and manic episodes B) Major depression involves alternating episodes of mania and depression, while bipolar disorder is characterized by only depressive episodes C) Bipolar disorder includes alternating manic and depressive episodes, while major depression involves only depressive episodes D) There is no difference between bipolar disorder and major depression

C) Bipolar disorder includes alternating manic and depressive episodes, while major depression involves only depressive episodes

What is one of the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? a) Euphoria b) Fatigue c) Excessive confidence d) Hyperactivity

b) Fatigue extreme tiredness or exhaustion, (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, often accompanied by physical symptoms.

Cognitive theorists argue that people with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) often hold which of the following assumptions? a) “It’s always best to assume the best.” b) “A situation is safe until proven dangerous.” c) “It is always best to assume the worst.” d) “People will always love me.”

c) “It is always best to assume the worst.”

According to Aaron Beck, what do people with GAD believe about situations? a) “A situation is safe until proven dangerous.” b) “A situation is unsafe until proven safe.” c) “Every situation is best left ignored.” d) “The worst will always happen.”

b) “A situation is unsafe until proven safe.”

Which neurotransmitter is most often discussed in biological explanations of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? a) Serotonin b) GABA c) Acetylcholine d) Dopamine

b) GABA reducing brain activity, helping to calm the nervous system

What is a possible cause for the persistent anxiety in individuals with GAD according to neuroscientists? a) Overactivity of serotonin receptors b) Too few GABA receptors or malfunctioning GABA receptors c) Excessive dopamine production d) Increased acetylcholine levels

b) Too few GABA receptors or malfunctioning GABA receptors persistent anxiety - long-lasting feelings of anxiety or worry

People with Social Anxiety Disorder typically have fears related to: a) Traveling alone b) Social or performance situations where embarrassment may occur c) Being alone at home d) All of the above

b) Social or performance situations where embarrassment may occur

What is a characteristic of Social Anxiety Disorder? a) Fears of personal failure or inadequacy b) Irrational fears of being judged poorly in social situations c) Intense fear of specific objects d) Continuous worry about making major life decisions

b) Irrational fears of being judged poorly in social situations

Which of the following best defines obsessions in the context of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? a) Repetitive actions to reduce anxiety b) Persistent, intrusive thoughts or impulses c) Positive, soothing thoughts d) A fear of being in public places

b) Persistent, intrusive thoughts or impulses long term

Compulsions in OCD are typically: a) Random thoughts that come and go b) Ritualistic behaviors performed to reduce anxiety c) Emotional reactions that cause distress d) Thoughts that bring about a sense of euphoria

b) Ritualistic behaviors performed to reduce anxiety Ritualistic behaviors performed to reduce anxiety in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are called compulsions. person with OCD might repeatedly wash their hands to reduce the anxiety caused by thoughts of germs, or they might count objects to prevent something bad from happening.

Which of the following is NOT a common form of obsession in OCD? a) Fear of contamination b) Wishing that someone would die c) Desire to perform rituals d) Obsessive doubts about making a wrong decision

c) Desire to perform rituals This is NOT an obsession; it’s a compulsion.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain compulsions in OCD as: a) Deliberate choices made to gain rewards b) Actions performed by accident but linked to anxiety relief c) A natural coping mechanism for depression d) A form of self-punishment

b) Actions performed by accident but linked to anxiety relief

Which of the following neurotransmitters is commonly involved in the biological explanations for both Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and OCD? a) GABA b) Adrenaline c) Glutamate d) Oxytocin

a) GABA

What are six types of anxiety disorder?

generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobias

How and why might generalized anxiety disorder be related to uncertainty? A) People with generalized anxiety disorder avoid uncertainty to prevent worry, and are prone to excessive worry when faced with uncertain situations B) People with generalized anxiety disorder are less affected by uncertainty because they feel more in control C) People with generalized anxiety disorder are usually aware of their emotions, so they are not concerned with uncertainty D) People with generalized anxiety disorder are naturally inclined to embrace uncertainty as a coping mechanism

A) People with generalized anxiety disorder avoid uncertainty to prevent worry, and are prone to excessive worry when faced with uncertain situations

What role do conditioning and modeling play in the development of phobias? A) Conditioning reinforces avoidance behaviors, while modeling teaches individuals to avoid feared situations by observing others B) Conditioning teaches people to ignore fears, while modeling helps them face fears head-on C) Conditioning and modeling have no impact on the development of phobias D) Conditioning creates phobias, but modeling eliminates them

A) Conditioning reinforces avoidance behaviors, while modeling teaches individuals to avoid feared situations by observing others

What individual factors affect who will develop post-traumatic stress disorder? A) The intensity and type of trauma, personal resilience, and the presence of support systems B) The individual’s age and gender only C) The level of anxiety and the presence of specific phobias D) The individual's ability to forget the trauma and move on

A) The intensity and type of trauma, personal resilience, and the presence of support systems

What is schizophrenia? A) A mood disorder characterized by extreme sadness and fatigue B) A psychotic disorder involving distorted perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors C) A developmental disorder affecting motor coordination and language skills D) A personality disorder involving manipulative and egocentric behavior

B) A psychotic disorder involving distorted perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

What is psychosis? (정신병) A) A heightened awareness of reality and surroundings B) A loss of contact with reality C) A mental state of heightened emotional sensitivity D) A mild form of depression

B) A loss of contact with reality

What are common symptoms of schizophrenia? A) Extreme happiness and increased energy B) Hallucinations, delusions, and withdrawal from others C) Memory loss and difficulty recognizing people D) Physical fatigue and headaches

B) Hallucinations, delusions, and withdrawal from others

How does schizophrenia affect daily functioning? A) It enhances perception and cognitive abilities, improving performance B) It disturbs perceptions and behavior, impairing the ability to function at home, school, or work C) It primarily causes physical symptoms, limiting movement D) It has no impact on daily life, but only affects emotional states

B) It disturbs perceptions and behavior, impairing the ability to function at home, school, or work

Which of the following disorders may also feature psychotic symptoms? A) Generalized anxiety disorder B) Bipolar disorder and postpartum depression C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder D) Specific phobias

B) Bipolar disorder and postpartum depression

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? 1.Loss of speech, avolition, and flat affect 2.Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking 3.Catatonic stupor, rigidity, and posturing 4.Memory deficits, poor attention, and low intelligence

Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking

What are delusions in schizophrenia? 1.Imagined sensory experiences experienced as real 2.False beliefs maintained despite evidence to the contrary 3.Emotional states unsuitable for the situation 4.Rapid shifts from one topic to another

False beliefs maintained despite evidence to the contrary

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Poverty of speech, flat affect,(lack of emotional expression and avolition (lack of motivation)

The medical model a. Encourages a search for patterns of symptoms. b. Is heavily dependent on social norms and values. c. Is unconcerned with underlying etiology. d. Disassociates physical illness and “madness.”

a. Encourages a search for patterns of symptoms.

Behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they differ from a society’s ideas about proper functioning. Which of the following "four Ds" does this statement represent? a. Deviance b. Distress c. Dysfunction d. Danger

a. Deviance

Which of the following statements best reflects the psychodynamic approach to defining abnormal behaviour? a. It is learned through the observation of societal norms. b. It is observed in other individuals we identify with. c. It results from maladaptive thinking patterns. d. It results from unconscious attempts to solve conflicts.

d. It results from unconscious attempts to solve conflicts. results from unconscious

Humanistic and existential theories have in common a belief that a. People are naturally inclined to live constructively. b. People have complete freedom to give meaning to their lives or to run away from that responsibility. c. People must have high levels of self-awareness to live meaningful, well-adjusted lives. d. The therapist is an expert who can provide answers for the client.

a. People are naturally inclined to live constructively. both humanistic and existential theories believe people naturally try to live in a positive and helpful way.

Beck’s cognitive triad includes negative thoughts about all of the following except a. One’s experience. b. Oneself. c. Others. d. The future.

c. others

People with major depressive disorder often have low levels of the neurotransmitters a. Acetylcholine and dopamine. b. Dopamine and serotonin. c. GABA and acetylcholine. d. Norepinephrine and serotonin.

d. Norepinephrine and serotonin

Albert Ellis believed that abnormal patterns of functioning are caused primarily by a. Faulty conditioning. b. Imitating maladaptive models. c. Irrational assumptions. d. Learned helplessness.

c. Irrational assumptions. unrealistic or unreasonable beliefs that people hold, which can cause emotional distress and lead to maladaptive behavior

The brain circuit that produces anxiety in a person includes all of the following brain structures except the a. Amygdala. b. Anterior cingulate. c. Hippocampus. d. Prefrontal cortex.

d. Prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. Being unable to show any emotion. b. Believing that others can read one’s thoughts. c. Hearing voices that are not real. d. Using rapid, incoherent speech.

a. Being unable to show any emotion.

A man who forgets the details of his life and identity and sets up a new life in a different location is likely experiencing dissociative a. Amnesia. b. Fugue c. Identity disorder. d. Somatization.

b. Fugue Dissociative fugue is a type of dissociative disorder where an individual forgets important personal information, including their identity, and suddenly travels or moves to a new location, often starting a new life with no memory of their previous one. This can happen in response to extreme stress or trauma.

What are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia? 1.Impairments in memory, attention, and executive functioning 2.Delusions, hallucinations, and inappropriate emotions 3.Unusual movements, grimaces, and catatonia 4.Withdrawal from social environments

3.Unusual movements, grimaces, and catatonia

A client who is diagnosed with both major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder is said to be experiencing?

comorbidity. cooccurrence of 1 ore more disorder- Equifinality = different causes, same outcome. Comorbidity = having more than one disorder together.

The notion of modelling, first studied by(?), helps explain why people whose parents had psychological disturbances often have psychological disturbances themselves.

Albert Bandura

The tendency for children who start out in the same situation to end up at very different places, psychologically speaking, is called?

multifinality involves different outcomes from the same starting point, equifinality involves the same outcome from different starting points.

In schizophrenia, positive symptoms involve the addition of inappropriate behavior, such as?

hallucinations or delusions.

Research shows that people with antisocial personality disorder often have deficient functioning in the( ?)of the brain.

frontal lobes