exam 3 chap 14 Stress, Coping, & Health

Question 1

what is stress?

Answer 1

Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or worried about something (affects ones well being)

(Influenced by physiology, ,cognition and culture/environment )

Question 2

Stressor?

Answer 2

Something that triggers a stress response

Question 3

Acute stressor?

Answer 3

Short term finite stressful situation ( it’s temporary and has a endpoint)

(ex) bad traffic on the way to an appointment, studying for a midterm

Question 4

Chronic Stressor?

Answer 4

Long term stressor with no definition end

(ex) high pressure job, world wide pandemic

Question 5

Individuals who experience stress often have one of four kinds of experiences that lead to feeling stressed. these are…

Answer 5

1.Frustration
2.Pressure
3.conflict
4.danger

Question 6

What type of stressor could ‘frustration’ be caused by?

Answer 6

both Acute stressor and Chronic

(In both cases, frustration occurs when obstacles prevent you from achieving a goal or resolving a problem)

Question 7

Three main causes of stress

Answer 7

Catastrophes and traumatic events (unpleasant large scale events eg; war, earthquake, Chronic negative situations eg; living in a dangerous environment)

Life events (Also called life transitions eg; death, marriage, divorce, loss of job )

Daily hassles (annoying events in everyday life eg; rush hour)

Question 8

why was the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) created?

Answer 8

TO MEASURE STRESS IN THE FORM OF CHANGE

assess how much stress a person experiences due to changes in their life, whether those changes are positive or negative

Question 9

Feeling conflicted

Answer 9

Conflict happens when we feel uncomfortable because we have two or more goals or desires that don’t seem to work together.

Question 10

3 basic types of CONFLICT

Answer 10

1.Approach–approach conflict: Choosing between two good options.
Ex) Picking between two favorite meals.

2.Avoidance–avoidance conflict: Choosing between two bad options.
Ex) Deciding whether to do chores or study for a test.

3.Approach–avoidance conflict: A single choice has both good and bad sides.
Ex) Taking a high-paying job with a long commute.

Question 11

Daily hassles

Answer 11

everyday annoyances that contribute to higher stress levels; also known
as micro-stressors.

Question 12

What physiological responses to stress do you feel Robert would have likely
suffered in that first year at the residential school?

Answer 12

fast heartbeat, tense muscles, headaches, and stomach problems from the stress at the residential school.

Question 13

Chronic Job Stress

Answer 13

having to deal with low wages, unpredictable shifts, and physically demanding work
environment scan lead to chronic feelings of stress that can influence health and
well-being.

Question 14

Socio-cultural Conditions

Answer 14

social and cultural factors that affect how people live and behave.

ex)In some cultures, people live with their families, which can help reduce stress. In other cultures, people may live alone, which can make them feel more stressed.

Question 15

What is the difference between an acute stressor and a chronic stressor?

Answer 15

An acute stressor is short-term and temporary, like an exam or an argument.

A chronic stressor is long-term and ongoing, like financial problems or a serious illness.

Question 16

What are the four types of stress experiences?

Answer 16

Acute stress: Short-term stress from a specific event (e.g., an exam).

Chronic stress: Long-term stress from ongoing issues (e.g., financial struggles).

Episodic acute stress: Frequent, repeated episodes of short-term stress (e.g., constant deadlines).

Traumatic stress: Stress caused by a major, distressing event that overwhelms coping abilities (e.g., natural disasters, accidents, or violent experiences).

Question 17

What are daily hassles and what is their impact on health?

Answer 17

small, everyday annoyances like traffic or work issues. Over time, they can cause stress and lead to health problems like headaches, sleep issues, and heart disease.

Question 18

Physiological Responses to Stress

Answer 18

Stress triggers the brain to send signals to the body, causing quick breathing, a fast heart rate, sweating, a dry mouth, and stomach tightness. These are physical signs of the body’s response to stress.

Question 19

Physiological Responses to Stress ( The Fight-or-Flight Response)

Answer 19

The fight or flight response is a physiological reaction to threat that activates an organism to act

Sweating due to increased energy output, Dilated pupils to increase visual range and detect threat, Tensed and swollen muscles to increase physical performance

Question 20

The fight - or - flight response activates two physiological pathways (simultaneously)

Answer 20

1. path 1: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
2. Path 2: Hypothalamus - pituitary- adrenal (hpa) axis

Question 21

Which part of the nervous system activates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Central nervous system

Answer 21

B) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

What is the first pathway in the body’s stress response?

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, triggering the release of cortisol.
B) The brain stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine.
C) The pituitary gland releases ACTH, stimulating the adrenal cortex.
D) The adrenal cortex releases adrenaline and norepinephrine.

Answer 22

B) The brain stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Question 23

How does the hypothalamus help the body respond to stress through the pituitary gland and the release of cortisol?

Answer 23

The hypothalamus helps the body respond to stress by controlling the release of hormones. When you’re stressed, it signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which then tells the adrenal glands (cortex) to release cortisol. Cortisol helps your body handle stress by increasing energy and supporting other body functions. This process is part of the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis).

Question 24

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the HPA axis (path 2)

A) Norepinephrine
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline

Answer 24

Answer: C) Cortisol

Question 25

What role does the hypothalamus play in the HPA axis (path 2)

A) It releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex.
B) It excites the sympathetic nervous system.
C) It stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine.
D) It activates the pituitary gland to release norepinephrine.

Answer 25

A)signals pituitary gland and It releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex and later releases cortisol

Question 26

Which pathway involves the release of stress hormones like cortisol?
A) The sympathetic nervous system pathway
B) The HPA axis pathway
C) The somatic nervous system pathway
D) The parasympathetic nervous system pathway

Answer 26

B) The HPA axis pathway (path 2)

Question 27

Fight-or-flight response

Answer 27

occurs when the brain detects danger or stress, sending signals to the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers bodily reactions, like the release of cortisol, which provides energy to prepare the body to either fight or flee the threat.

Question 28

What role does the hypothalamus play in the stress response?

A) It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
B) It releases ACTH into the bloodstream.
C) It triggers the sympathetic nervous system.
D) It causes the release of adrenaline.

Answer 28

B) It releases ACTH into the bloodstream.

Question 29

What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress

A) Norepinephrine
B) Adrenaline
C) ACTH
D) Cortisol

Answer 29

ACTH

Question 30

pituitary gland?

Answer 30

a small gland at the base of the brain. It releases hormones, including ACTH, which help control growth, metabolism, and stress responses.

Question 31

ACTH

Answer 31

when hypothalamus wants to respond to stress its a substance released by pituitary gland which then tells adrenal gland (cortex) to release cortisol
It triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

Question 32

What if we experience long term fight or flight?

Answer 32

Hans Selye (General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 33

what are 3 stages of GAS?

Answer 33

Alarm: The body’s first response to stress. It activates “fight or flight,” raising stress hormones.

Resistance: If stress continues, the body stays alert and tries to cope, but this can make it easier to get sick or feel more stress if it piles up.

Exhaustion: Long-term stress uses up the body’s energy, making it harder to handle stress and more likely to get sick or feel burned out.

Question 34

What happens during the exhaustion stage of stress?
A) The body becomes energized and resistant.
B) The body is depleted of energy and has little ability to resist.
C) The body is in a state of heightened alertness.
D) The body recovers from the stressor.

Answer 34

B) The body is depleted of energy and has little ability to resist.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of the resistance phase in students?

A) Feeling physically exhausted after final exams.
B) Late-night studying and preparing for exams.
C) Experiencing cold symptoms during exams.
D) Feeling calm and relaxed after exams.

Answer 35

B) Late-night studying and preparing for exams

Question 36

According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, what can happen if the stressor continues during the exhaustion phase?

A) The body adapts and becomes stronger.
B) The organism may suffer organ damage or death.
C) The body quickly recovers from stress.
D) The organism becomes less sensitive to stress.

Answer 36

B) The organism may suffer organ damage or death.

Question 37

What criticism did Sonia Lupien have regarding Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

A) Stress only affects the body, not the mind.
B) The stress response is not the same for all types of stressors.
C) Psychological factors have no effect on stress.
D) Stress is always beneficial to the body.

Answer 37

B) The stress response is not the same for all types of stressors for every individuals

Question 38

What types of stressors did Selye primarily use in his experiments?

A) Psychological stressors
B) Social stressors
C) Physical stressors (e.g., pain, heat, cold)
D) Emotional stressors

Answer 38

C) Physical stressors (e.g., pain, heat, cold) with animals

Question 39

What is a typical emotional response to stress?

A) Happiness
B) Relaxation
C) Anxiety
D) Excitement

Answer 39

Anxiety

Question 40

Which of the following is true about emotional responses to stress?

A) They are always positive.
B) They vary depending on an individual’s personal style and stress-inducing situations.
C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression are the only ones experienced during stress.
D) Stress always results in dejection and grief.

Answer 40

B) They vary depending on an individual’s personal style and stress-inducing situations.

Question 41

What kind of emotions are commonly associated with severe, long-term stress?

A) Positive emotions like happiness and joy
B) Neutral emotions
C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression
D) Physical symptoms without emotional changes

Answer 41

C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression

Question 42

What has research found about the relationship between daily stressors and mood?

A) Stress has no effect on mood.
B) Negative emotions increase with short-term stressors.
C) Positive emotions emerge with more stress.
D) People feel equally emotional regardless of stress levels.

Answer 42

B) Negative emotions increase with short-term stressors.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a common emotional response to stress?

A) Fear and anxiety
B) Guilt and shame
C) Excitement and enthusiasm
D) Anger and rage

Answer 43

C) Excitement and enthusiasm

Question 44

How does perceived daily stress impact mood throughout the day?

A) Mood remains stable regardless of stress levels.
B) Mood worsens with short-term stress and improves as stress subsides.
C) Daily stress leads to long-term mood improvement.
D) Mood does not change based on perceived stressors.

Answer 44

B)Mood gets worse during short-term stress but gets better once the stress is gone.

Question 45

What did earlier research suggest about emotional responses to stress?

A) Only anxiety and depression are likely to emerge.
B) Positive emotions dominate stressful situations.
C) People feel no emotional changes during stress.
D) All emotional responses are mild and temporary.

Answer 45

A) Only anxiety and depression are likely to emerge.

Question 46

According to research, what factors influence the type of emotional response to stress?

A) The individual’s personal style and the stress-inducing situation
B) The amount of time the stressor lasts
C) The individual’s physical health only
D) The availability of medical support

Answer 46

A) The individual’s personal style and the stress-inducing situation

Question 47

What is a cognitive appraisal in response to stress?

A) A physical reaction to stress
B) The way we interpret and evaluate a stressful situation
C) The release of stress hormones
D) A consistent emotional response to stress

Answer 47

B) The way we interpret and evaluate a stressful situation

Question 48

What does the phrase “stress lies in the eye of the beholder” mean?

A) Stress affects everyone the same way.
B) Stress depends on how each individual perceives a situation.
C) Stress only occurs in specific situations.
D) Stress is caused by external factors only.

Answer 48

B) Stress depends on how each individual view a situation.

Question 49

What can influence a person’s appraisal of a stressful situation?

A) Their physical health
B) Their current psychological state
C) The time of day
D) The opinions of others

Answer 49

B) Their current psychological state

Question 50

How might appraisals differ between individuals facing the same situation?

A) They will always feel the same level of stress.
B) Their reactions depend on how they interpret the situation.
C) Stress levels are determined by external factors only.
D) Appraisals do not influence stress response

Answer 50

B) Their reactions depend on how they interpret the situation.

Question 51

What is an example of a stable cognitive appraisal?

A) Feeling consistently fearful of public speaking
B) Reacting differently to stress on different days
C) Changing opinions based on new information
D) Being calm in all situations

Answer 51

A) Feeling consistently fearful of public speaking

Question 52

Why might losing a car key be more stressful on the day of a final exam?

A) It always causes the same level of stress.
B) The appraisal of the situation depends on the context of other stressors.
C) Losing a car key is never stressful otherwise.
D) External stressors have no impact on cognitive appraisals

Answer 52

B) The appraisal of the situation depends on the context of other stressors.

How you judge a situation depends on what other stresses you’re dealing with at the same time.

Question 53

What does the text suggest about individual reactions to public speaking?

A) Everyone finds public speaking equally stressful.
B) Some may feel excited, while others may feel anxious.
C) People always react positively to public speaking opportunities.
D) Public speaking is not influenced by cognitive appraisals.

Answer 53

B) Some may feel excited, while others may feel anxious.

Question 54

What is the first step in Richard Lazarus’s description of how people experience stress?

A) Secondary appraisal
B) Coping with stress
C) Primary appraisal
D) Perception of control

Answer 54

C) Primary appraisal

Question 55

What happens during primary appraisal?

A) The stressor is confronted immediately.
B) Personal resources are evaluated.
C) The stressor is assessed for severity.
D) The situation is ignored.

Answer 55

C) The stressor is assessed for severity.

In primary appraisal, you decide how serious the stressor is.

Question 56

What is secondary appraisal?

A) Assessing the severity of the stressor
B) Ignoring the stressor
C) Evaluating personal resources and ability to cope
D) Seeking outside help to handle stress

Answer 56

C) Evaluating personal resources and ability to cope

In secondary appraisal, you assess if you have the resources and ability to handle the stressor.

Question 57

What effect does a perceived lack of control have on stress? (Feeling like you have no control makes stress worse)

A) It decreases the level of stress.
B) It increases the threat level of the stressor.
C) It eliminates the stressor entirely.
D) It has no effect on stress levels.

Answer 57

B) It increases the threat level of the stressor.

Question 58

How does perceived control influence stress in nursing home residents, according to studies?

A) Those with more control experienced less stress and had better survival rates.
B) Lack of control had no impact on their stress levels.
C) Control increased stress because of added responsibility.
D) Perceived control reduced stress but shortened survival rates.

Answer 58

A) Those with more control experienced less stress and had better survival rates.

Question 59

What is one important factor in managing life-threatening illnesses?

A) Ignoring medical advice
B) Unrealistically believing one can fully control the disease
C) Managing specific aspects of the illness and treatment
D) Relying solely on unproven remedies

Answer 59

C) Managing specific aspects of the illness and treatment

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of primary appraisal?

A) Deciding how to use resources to manage stress
B) Identifying a term paper as a threat to be avoided
C) Using emotional support from loved ones
D) Evaluating how much control one has over a situation

Answer 60

B) Identifying a term paper as a threat to be avoided

Question 61

What is a realistic way to reduce stress for someone with a life-threatening illness?

A) Avoid thinking about the disease.
B) Control aspects of the disease, such as treatment decisions.
C) Assume full control over the illness.
D) Focus only on unproven remedies.

Answer 61

B) Control aspects of the disease, such as treatment decisions.

Question 62

What is the key difference between primary and secondary appraisals?

A) Primary appraisal focuses on resources, while secondary appraisal focuses on severity.
B) Primary appraisal evaluates severity, while secondary appraisal evaluates coping ability.
C) Primary appraisal involves emotions, while secondary appraisal involves logic.
D) Primary appraisal occurs after secondary appraisal.

Answer 62

B) Primary appraisal evaluates severity, while secondary appraisal evaluates coping ability.

Question 63

Why is a realistic sense of control important in managing stress?

A) Unrealistic control can lead to initial relief but may not improve outcomes.
B) A lack of control is always better for mental health.
C) Realistic control leads to full elimination of the stressor.
D) Perceived control does not affect stress levels.

Answer 63

A) Unrealistic control can lead to initial relief but may not improve outcomes.

Question 64

What field provides most research on the effect of stress on performance?

A) Health psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Sports psychology
D) Behavioral psychology

Answer 64

C) Sports psychology

Question 65

What is “choking” in the context of performance under stress?

A) A physical inability to breathe
B) A sudden loss of skill or performance due to stress
C) An intentional decrease in effort
D) A motivational technique used by athletes

Answer 65

B) A sudden loss of skill or performance due to stress

Question 66

How does “choking” happen?

A) When stress improves focus and concentration
B) When heightened anxiety impairs skill execution
C) When performers rely on practiced routines
D) When stress levels are completely absent

Answer 66

B) When heightened anxiety impairs skill execution

Question 67

What is chronic stress?

A) A short-term stress response
B) A prolonged and heightened physiological reaction to stress
C) An immune response to illness
D) A temporary emotional reaction to adversity

Answer 67

B) A prolonged and heightened physiological reaction to stress

Question 68

What are the health risks associated with chronic stress?

A) Increased risk of heart disease
B) Weakening of the immune system
C) General inflammation and slower healing time
D) All of the above

Answer 68

Answer: D) All of the above

Question 69

What percentage of deaths are caused by heart disease today?

A) 6%
B) 27%
C) 50%
D) 10%

Answer 69

B) 27%

Question 70

What was the percentage of deaths caused by heart disease in 1900?

A) 10%
B) 27%
C) 6%
D) 50%

Answer 70

C) 6%

Question 71

What is the effect of work stress on cardiovascular disease risk?

A) No effect
B) Increases risk by 50%
C) Decreases risk by 25%
D) Reduces recovery time

Answer 71

B) Increases risk by 50%

Question 72

What was the relationship between stress and the common cold in studies with participants given the rhinovirus?

A) No relationship
B) A negative relationship
C) A positive relationship
D) A random relationship

Answer 72

C) A positive relationship

studies have shown that people with more stress are more likely to catch a cold after being exposed to the virus. Stress weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.

Question 73

What was measured in the stress and rhinovirus study?

A) Immune response to other illnesses
B) Development of cold symptoms
C) Recovery time from stress
D) Long-term cardiovascular health

Answer 73

B) Development of cold symptoms

Question 74

Why is chronic stress bad for health?

A) It only causes emotional distress.
B) It leads to an overactive immune system.
C) It weakens the immune system and increases health risks.
D) It has no measurable effects on the body.

Answer 74

C) It weakens the immune system and increases health risks.

Question 75

Which of the following is a realistic tip for dealing with stress?

A) Completely avoiding all stressful situations
B) Practicing stress management techniques like mindfulness
C) Relying only on medical interventions for stress
D) Ignoring stress to reduce its effects

Answer 75

B) Practicing stress management techniques like mindfulness

Question 76

What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stress reactions?

A) Stimulating physical arousal by activating body organs
B) Suppressing stress-related reactions in the body
C) Blocking emotional responses to stressors
D) Slowing down heart rate during stress

Answer 76

A) Stimulating physical arousal by activating body organs

Increasing body reactions.

Question 77

How does autonomic reactivity differ among individuals?

A) All individuals react the same way to stressors.
B) Some have highly reactive ANS responses, while others show less reactivity.
C) Everyone experiences stress only in severe situations.
D) Autonomic reactivity only occurs in life-threatening situations.

Answer 77

B) Some have highly reactive ANS responses, while others show less reactivity.

It means that some people’s bodies react more strongly to stress (like faster heart rate or sweating), while others’ bodies don’t react as much.

Question 78

What is the impact of high autonomic reactivity on stress?

A) Reduced likelihood of stress reactions
B) Increased frequency and intensity of stress reactions
C) Lower blood pressure during stress
D) Complete suppression of physical arousal

Answer 78

B) Increased frequency and intensity of stress reactions

It means having stress more often and feeling it more strongly. You might feel anxious or upset more often, and your body could react more intensely

Question 79

What kinds of disorders can differences in autonomic reactivity influence?

A) Physical injuries
B) Depression and anxiety
C) Immune system disorders
D) Cognitive disabilities

Answer 79

B) Depression and anxiety

Question 80

What types of responses are studied to measure cardiovascular reactivity to stress?

A) Emotional and behavioral responses
B) Blood pressure and heart rate
C) Immune cell activity
D) Hormone levels in saliva

Answer 80

B) Blood pressure and heart rate

Question 81

In research on cardiovascular responses to stress, how do participants differ?

A) Some show consistently high reactivity, while others show low reactivity.
B) All participants have similar reactivity across stress situations.
C) Only a few participants experience reactivity due to stress.
D) Cardiovascular reactivity does not vary between individuals.

Answer 81

A) Some show consistently high reactivity, while others show low reactivity.

Question 82

What does “explanatory style” refer to?

a. The way people explain events and how it affects their emotional responses.
b. The tendency to avoid stressors altogether.
c. The frequency of stress responses in individuals.
d. The time it takes for people to recover from stress.

Answer 82

a. The way people explain events and how it affects their emotional responses.

Question 83

How do optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles differ?

a. Optimists believe setbacks are permanent, while pessimists view them as temporary.
b. Optimists believe setbacks are temporary and manageable, while pessimists think things will go wrong.
c. Optimists avoid appraising stressors, while pessimists appraise them positively.
d. Both believe that setbacks are inevitable and permanent.

Answer 83

b. Optimists believe problems are only short-term and can be fixed, while pessimists think things will always go bad.

Question 84

Which of the following is a benefit of an optimistic explanatory style?

a. Experiencing higher levels of stress.
b. Focusing on negative aspects of stressful situations.
c. Using constructive coping strategies like seeking social support.
d. Avoiding stressors altogether.

Answer 84

c. Using coping strategies like seeking social support.

Question 85

What is defensive pessimism?

a. Expecting positive outcomes to maintain high expectations.
b. Expecting negative outcomes to protect against disappointment but still holding some hope.
c. Ignoring potential setbacks to avoid stress.
d. Always expecting positive outcomes regardless of the situation.

Answer 85

b. Expecting negative outcomes to protect against disappointment but still holding some hope.

Question 86

What research evidence supports the impact of explanatory styles on stress reactions?

a. Optimists tend to seek social support and appraise stress as manageable, leading to lower stress levels.
b. Pessimists always experience more stress, regardless of their coping strategies.
c. Both optimists and pessimists experience the same levels of stress.
d. Optimists are less likely to appraise stressors positively.

Answer 86

a. Optimists tend to seek social support and appraise stress as manageable, leading to lower stress levels.

Question 87

Can people show a mix of optimistic and pessimistic tendencies?

a. Yes, some people show “optimistic pessimism,” where they expect negative outcomes but still hope for the best.
b. No, people are either purely optimistic or purely pessimistic.
c. Yes, but they always show extreme optimism in the end.
d. No, those who are pessimistic cannot show any form of optimism.

Answer 87

a. Yes, some people show “optimistic pessimism,” where they expect negative outcomes but still hope for the best.

Question 88

How do individual differences in autonomic nervous system reactivity affect stress responses?

A) All individuals respond to stress in the same way
B) Some individuals experience more intense reactions due to high reactivity
C) People with low reactivity experience stress more intensely
D) Stress responses are not influenced by ANS reactivity

Answer 88

B) Some individuals experience more intense reactions due to high reactivity

Question 89

How does heightened autonomic nervous system reactivity influence mental health?

A) It has no effect on mental health
B) It may lead to an increased risk of disorders like depression and anxiety
C) It decreases the likelihood of developing mental health disorders
D) It only affects physical health, not mental health

Answer 89

B) It may lead to an increased risk of disorders like depression and anxiety

Question 90

What coping strategies are commonly associated with an optimistic explanatory style?

A) Ignoring the problem and avoiding social interactions
B) Seeking social support and using constructive coping techniques
C) Ruminating on negative outcomes
D) Waiting for problems to resolve on their own

Answer 90

B) Seeking social support and using constructive coping techniques

Question 91

How do individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to view stressful situations?

A) As temporary and manageable
B) As opportunities for growth
C) As permanent and unmanageable
D) As challenges to overcome with effort

Answer 91

C) As permanent and unmanageable

Question 92

How do personality traits influence stress responses?

A) They have no effect on stress reactions
B) Personality traits determine how individuals appraise and react to stressors
C) Personality traits only affect physical health, not mental responses to stress
D) Stress responses are identical regardless of personality traits

Answer 92

B) Personality traits determine how individuals appraise (평가) and react to stressors

Question 93

What characterizes a hardy personality in relation to stress?

A) Viewing stressors as crises and feeling overwhelmed
B) Welcoming challenges and perceiving stressors as opportunities for growth
C) Experiencing heightened stress levels in challenging situations
D) Avoiding all forms of stress or challenges

Answer 93

B) Welcoming challenges and perceiving stressors as opportunities for growth

Question 94

What is the primary trait of Type A personality?

A) Relaxed and unconcerned with time
B) Competitive, impatient, and prone to anger and hostility
C) Peace-loving and emotionally reserved
D) Socially inhibited and overly focused on avoiding stress

Answer 94

B) Competitive, impatient, and prone to anger and hostility

Question 95

How do Type B personalities generally respond to stress?

A) With competitiveness and high aggression
B) With relaxation, less aggression, and lower stress levels
C) With extreme frustration and anger
D) With anxiety and social inhibition

Answer 95

B) With relaxation, less aggression, and lower stress levels

Question 96

What is the distinguishing feature of Type C personality?

A) Difficulty in expressing or acknowledging negative feelings
B) High levels of competitiveness and impatience
C) Relaxation and low levels of aggression
D) A focus on social relationships and avoidance of stress

Answer 96

A) Difficulty in expressing or acknowledging negative feelings

Question 97

What health implications are associated with Type D personality?

A) It has no impact on health
B) It is linked to lower levels of stress and better health outcomes
C) It is associated with negative affectivity such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
D) It is related to increased resilience and reduced stress

Answer 97

C) It is associated with negative affectivity such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition

Question 98

How does a Type A personality influence an individual’s stress levels?

A) They are generally relaxed and unaffected by stress
B) They experience higher levels of stress due to impatience, competitiveness, and hostility
C) They rarely experience stress because they avoid challenges
D) They experience less stress due to their calm nature

Answer 98

B) They experience higher levels of stress due to impatience, competitiveness, and hostility

Question 99

What defines a Type B personality in relation to stress?

A) Competitive and time-conscious
B) Relaxed, less aggressive, and less worried about time
C) Highly driven and always in a hurry
D) Exhibiting high levels of anger and cynicism

Answer 99

B) Relaxed, less aggressive, and less worried about time

Question 100

What impact does being a Type C personality have on managing anger?

A) Type C personalities express anger openly and assertively
B) Type C personalities tend to turn their anger inward
C) Type C personalities rarely experience anger
D) Type C personalities use their anger to drive their achievements

Answer 100

B) Type C personalities tend to turn their anger inward

instead of expressing or showing their anger outwardly, a person keeps it inside

Question 101

How do Type D personalities typically react to stress?

A) With optimism and social engagement
B) With negative feelings such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
C) By avoiding stress and relaxation techniques
D) With assertiveness and proactive coping strategies

Answer 101

B) With negative feelings such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition

Question 102

How do the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathways influence our experience of stress?

Answer 102

The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response,

while the HPA pathway regulates longer-term stress responses

Question 103

What happens in each stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 103

The first stage is alarm,
the second stage is resistance, and the
third stage is exhaustion

Question 104

What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?

Answer 104

Primary appraisal involves evaluating stressors, and

secondary appraisal assesses how to cope with them

Question 105

How does autonomic reactivity affect how different people experience stress?

Answer 105

Higher autonomic reactivity is linked to greater stress sensitivity and physiological responses

Question 106

What are the characteristics of the hardy personality type?

Answer 106

Individuals are open to challenges, view stressors as opportunities, and are committed to their goals

Question 107

Coping

Answer 107

efforts to manage, reduce, or,tolerate stress ex) meditation

Question 108

What does coping refer to in the context of stress?

A) Ignoring the stressor completely
B) Efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress
C) A strategy to eliminate all stressors
D) Avoidance of emotions related to stress

Answer 108

B) Efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress

Question 109

What is the key difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping?

A) Emotion-focused coping involves changing feelings about the stressor, while problem-focused coping involves addressing the stressor itself
B) Problem-focused coping involves avoidance, while emotion-focused coping confronts the stressor
C) Emotion-focused coping avoids stressors, while problem-focused coping seeks professional help
D) There is no difference between the two strategies

Answer 109

A) Emotion-focused coping involves changing feelings about the stressor, while problem-focused coping involves addressing the stressor itself

Question 110

How does social support influence stress levels?

A) It increases stress levels due to social obligations
B) It has no measurable impact on stress
C) It decreases stress levels and enhances coping abilities
D) It only helps people with Type A personalities

Answer 110

C) It decreases stress levels and enhances coping abilities

Question 111

What cultural variation exists in the preference for social support?

A) Explicit social support is preferred universally
B) Implicit social support is preferred only in Western cultures
C) Some cultures prefer explicit social support, while others prefer implicit social support
D) There are no cultural differences in the preference for social support

Answer 111

C) Some cultures prefer explicit social support, while others prefer implicit social support

how different cultures prefer to receive help or support when they are stressed or facing challenges. Specifically, it looks at whether people from different cultures like to seek direct help (explicit support) or indirect help (implicit support).

Question 112

Which of the following is NOT a proposed benefit of humor in coping with stress?

A) Decreased cortisol levels
B) Increased anxiety levels
C) Reduced blood pressure
D) Relaxed muscle tone

Answer 112

B) Increased anxiety levels

Question 113

What does reappraisal mean in coping with stress?

A) Ignoring stressors to reduce their impact
B) Reinterpreting the meaning of something to change emotions about it
C) Focusing on eliminating the stressor completely
D) A defense mechanism to suppress emotions

Answer 113

B) Reinterpreting the meaning of something to change emotions about it

Question 114

What is one direct way that humor may improve health?

A) By causing stress to be ignored completely
B) By increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure
C) By preventing the occurrence of stressful events
D) By ensuring that stress does not impact immune activity

Answer 114

B) By increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure

Question 115

What is one indirect way that humor is believed to improve health?

A) Humor increases cortisol levels, which enhances alertness
B) Humor strengthens social support, which aids in stress management
C) Humor completely eliminates all stressful emotions
D) Humor provides a better workout than exercise

Answer 115

B) Humor strengthens social support, which aids in stress management

Question 116

Self-Disclosure

Answer 116

sharing of emotions and experiences with others in person or online, can also help people deal with stress.

Question 117

Self-Indulgence

Answer 117

such as overeating, smoking cigarettes, and
consuming drugs and alcohol, to cope with stress

Question 118

What are the main benefits of altering consciousness through meditation?

Answer 118

Enhanced relaxation, reduced stress, and improved focus

Question 119

How can lashing out negatively affect our management of stressors? reacting with intense anger or frustration

Answer 119

It can damage relationships and increase feelings of guilt or regret

Question 120

What is a repressive coping style?

Answer 120

Avoiding or denying the existence of stress and pushing it out of awareness

Question 121

two forms of constructive coping:

healthy and effective strategies that individuals use to deal with stress, problems, or difficult emotions.

Answer 121

Emotion-focused coping: Changing feelings about the stressor through activities like exercise or meditation to reduce emotional distress.

Problem-focused coping: Taking direct action to manage or eliminate the stressor, such as creating a plan or seeking support.

Question 122

What is the role of the hypothalamus in responding to a stressor?

Answer 122

It activates the sympathetic nervous system and triggers the HPA axis.

Question 123

What does it mean to say that the effects of stress on the brain are helpful in the short term but can be harmful in the long term?

Answer 123

Short-term stress enhances focus and memory, while
long-term stress can damage brain structures like the hippocampus.

Question 124

How does the brain response differ when a stressor is rewarding versus not rewarding?

Answer 124

Rewarding stressors activate pleasure pathways like the dopamine system, while non-rewarding stressors trigger more cortisol release.

Question 125

Where in the brain are the stress hormone receptors that help to restore the brain to its normal state once the stressor has passed?

Answer 125

The hippocampus

Question 126

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Answer 126

A field examining the links between stress, the immune system, and health

Question 127

What is the primary function of the immune system?

Answer 127

To identify and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses

Question 128

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 128

White blood cells that fight infections and destroy foreign invaders.

Question 129

How does severe stress affect lymphocyte activity?

Answer 129

It slows down lymphocyte activity, reducing the ability to fight infections.

Question 130

How does social support affect immune system functioning in stressful situations?

Answer 130

It helps to improve immune system functioning.

Question 131

inoculation

Answer 131

when you expose yourself to small amounts of stress in a safe way to get stronger and better at handling bigger stress in the future.

Question 132

How has stress been linked with coronary heart disease?

Answer 132

Stress can increase heart disease risk by raising blood pressure and inflammation.

Question 133

What is the connection between life changes and illness?

Answer 133

Life changes, especially stressful ones, can weaken the immune system and make us more likely to get sick.

Question 134

How does stress affect the immune system?

Answer 134

Stress can slow down immune cells, making it harder to fight infections.

Question 135

What factors influence whether stress will have this effect?

Answer 135

Factors include stress level, how long it lasts, coping methods, and social support

Question 136

What are some symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder? PTSD

Answer 136

intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, and hypervigilance.

Question 137

What factors put a person at heightened risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder following a traumatic event?

Answer 137

Risk factors include a history of prior trauma, lack of social support, the severity of the trauma, and genetic predispositions.

Question 138

The sweaty palms and rapid heartbeat we experience as anxiety are most directly related to activation of which portion of the nervous system?
a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Hippocampus
c. Occipital lobes
d. SNS

Answer 138

d. Sympathetic nervous system

Question 139

Compared with major life events, daily hassles:
a. have a lower impact upon us.
b. can add to the effects of larger events.
c. can have greater impact than the effects of major life events.
d. are of secondary concern.

Answer 139

c. can have greater impact than the effects of major life events.

Question 140

Bob loves visiting his grandfather but hates his cooking. Bob is trying to decide whether to visit his grandfather this weekend and is experiencing an:
a. approach–approach conflict.
b. approach–avoidance conflict.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. approach–withdraw conflict.

Answer 140

b. approach–avoidance conflict.

Question 141

During concentrative meditation, a person actively concentrates on an object, word, or idea called a(n):
a. dissociation
b. koan
c. mantra
d. suggestion

Answer 141

c. mantra

Question 142

Which of the following is not potentially associated with posttraumatic stress disorder?
a. Anxiety
b. Depression
c. Amnesia
d. Disorientation

Answer 142

c. Amnesia

Question 143

What does the release of cortisol during stressful experiences do for us?
a. Elevates blood sugar
b. Energizes us
c. Protects us from inflammation
d. All of the above

Answer 143

d. All of the above

Question 144

Which of the following is one experience that can lead to feeling stressed?
a. Automatic
b. Frustration
c. Happiness
d. Sensitization

Answer 144

b. Frustration

Question 145

In a study using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which of the following stressors was not reported as one of the top five experienced by college and university students?

a. Applying to graduate school
b. Death of a family member or friend
c. Having to take multiple tests
d. Personal injury or illness

Answer 145

a. Applying to graduate school

Question 146

Which of the following statements shows the correct order of the components of the physiological response to stress?

a. hypothalamus → adrenal cortex → pituitary
b. hypothalamus → adrenal medulla → pituitary
c. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal cortex
d. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal medulla

Answer 146

c. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal cortex

Question 147

Recent research has shown that __________ is the aspect of Type A personality that is most strongly associated with coronary heart disease:
a. competitiveness
b. hostility
c. impatience
d. pessimism

Answer 147

b. hostility

Question 148

Which type of task is best suited to moderate levels of stress?
a. Easy
b. Medium
c. Difficult
d. None of these; moderate stress is the optimal stress level for all types of tasks

Answer 148

b. Medium

Question 149

When we are deciding what a particular situation means to us in terms of its stress potential, we are () the situation.

Answer 149

appraising

Question 150

If your friends were to forget to invite you to a party, it would be an example of a ()

Answer 150

minor stressor.

Question 151

When a minority-group member encounters members of the majority group, they may experience ()

Answer 151

intergroup threat

Question 152

In the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome, our resistance level to the effects of stress is () relative to unstressed levels.

Answer 152

increased

Question 153

The fact that a given situation may be very stressful for one person and not at all stressful for another tells us that the () is often more important than actual threat.

Answer 153

perception of threat

Question 154

Emily is struggling to keep up with her classes and must choose whether to work on a paper for one class or a project for another class before heading to work. Emily is facing () conflict

Answer 154

avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Question 155

()has been shown to relieve pain by encouraging people to pay attention to their feelings, sensations, and experiences without judging or getting too involved with them.

Answer 155

Mindfulness meditation

Question 156

When faced with a stressor, the nervous system communicates with the endocrine system through the

Answer 156

HPA axis

Question 157

() is a neurotransmitter that tends to improve immune system functioning in times of low stress and impair it during periods of severe or prolonged stress.

Answer 157

Oxytocin