higher cortical

Question 1

6 exmples of higher cortical function

Answer 1

memory
orientation
concentration
language
recognition of stimuli (
performance of learned skilled movements

Question 2

agnosia and apraxia

Answer 2

recognition of stimuli (examined by tests for agnosia)

performance of learned skilled movements (examined by tests for apraxia)

Question 3

consiousness

Answer 3

Encompasses perception of sensation, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing.

Question 4

intelligence

Answer 4

Ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly.

Comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.

Question 5

3 A’s of intelligence

Answer 5

Ability- Achievement-Aptitude

Question 6

4 sections of the cortex

Answer 6

Sensory

Motor

Unimodal association cortex

Multimodal association cortex

Question 7

PET and how it works

Answer 7

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can measure this activity. Chemicals tagged with a tracer “light up” activated regions shown in red and yellow.

Question 8

commissurotomy.”

Answer 8

For patients with frequent and violent epileptic seizures, surgically splitting the corpus callosum was the only relief - known as a “commissurotomy.”

Question 9

frontal lobe 4 main function

Answer 9

memory formation
emotions
decisions
personality

Question 10

Damage to prefrontal cortex:

Answer 10

High degree of distractibility and an inability to
plan and carry out any complex idea
with increased level of stubbornness.

Question 11

Three gross stages of learning and memory

Answer 11

Acquisition
Storage
Retrieval

Question 12

preforntal cortex role in memory

Answer 12

memory involving the sequence of events but not the events itself

Question 13

amygdala in memory

Answer 13

encodes emotional aspect of memory

Question 14

medial temporal lobe and hippocampus

Answer 14

encodes the transfers new explicit memories to long term memory

Question 15

cerebellum

Answer 15

memories involving movement

Question 16

explicit : epsiodic vs semantic memory

Answer 16

remembering events vs knowing facts

Question 17

implicit memory

Answer 17

skills and habits, emotional associations, and conditioned reflexes

Question 18

skills and habits relate to this part of brain

Answer 18

striatum, motor areas of cortex and cerebellum

Question 19

emotional associations relate to this part of brain

Answer 19

amygdala

Question 20

anterograde and retrograde

Answer 20

Anterograde: can’t establish new memories
Retrograde: can’t recall past memories

Question 21

major types of memory loss

Answer 21

Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Infantile Amnesia
Dementia

Question 22

how is Alzheimer characterized pathologically

Answer 22

Beta amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles
Neurodegeneration
gliosis

Question 23

parietal lobe plays a major role in

Answer 23

Spatial awareness and perception

Question 24

3 cortex of parietal lobe

Answer 24

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) –
somatosensory association cortex
primary gustatory

Question 25

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) –

Answer 25

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) – Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information.

Question 26

Somatosensory Association Cortex

Answer 26

Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination.

Question 27

agnosia

Answer 27

inability to recognize an object

Question 28

alexia and agraphia

Answer 28

inability to read
and
inability to write

Question 29

apraxia

Answer 29

inability to perform skilled motor movements

Question 30

apraxia is caused by

Answer 30

Caused by damage to the corpus callosum, frontal lobe or parietal lobe

“without action”

Question 31

subcortical tempoal lobe structures

Answer 31

Limbic cortex

• Amygdala
• Hippocampal Formation

Question 32

Brodmann’s number 41,42, and 22

20,21,37, and 38

Answer 32

Auditory areas Brodmann’s areas 41,42, and 22
Ventral Stream of Visual Information -
Inferotemporal cortex or TE Brodmann’s areas 20, 21,37, and 38

Question 33

Wernicke’s area communicates with Broca’s area via the

Answer 33

Wernicke’s area communicates with Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus

Question 34

Epileptic seizures occur when

Answer 34

Epileptic seizures occur when a massive group of neurons in the cerebral cortex suddenly begin to discharge in a highly organized rhythmic pattern.

Question 35

Grand mal

Answer 35

Grand Mal

Involves total body convulsions, aka “tonic-clonic”

Question 36

petit mal

Answer 36

Petit Mal

Involves isolated body part convulsion, aka “focal”

Question 37

absence

Answer 37

Absence
Patient becomes unresponsive, and has no memory of occurrence. Appears to be day-dreaming but cannot awake. Very rare (Partial Complex Epilepsy)

Question 38

stages of a seizure

Answer 38

Aura - period of warning, usually
olfactory or visual
Ictus - actual seizure period
Post-ictal state - time where body “resets” itself

Question 39

visual space

Answer 39

Visual info comes from specific location in space.

Objects have a location relative to an individual (egocentric), or to one another (allocentric)

Question 40

visual recognition

Answer 40

Ventral stream info to the temporal lobe specialized

in recognition of faces “Grandmother cells”

Question 41

visual attention

Answer 41

Process of features of the visual world (otherwise it

would be too much!).

Question 42

object agnosia:

Answer 42

Apperceptive agnosia: Can’t recognize an object although basic visual functions (color, motion etc.) are preserved.
Can’t copy or match simple objects.
Can see one thing at a time:

Question 43

type of object agnosua : Apperceptive agnosia:

Answer 43

Apperceptive agnosia: Can’t recognize an object although basic visual functions (color, motion etc.) are preserved.

Question 44

2. Associative agnosia:

Answer 44

2. Associative agnosia: Can’t recognize objects in spite of being able
   to perceive them.
   Subjects can describe the object, know what it is for, copy it, but can’t identify it.