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Biology Of The Mind > Higher Cognitive Functions > Flashcards

Higher Cognitive Functions Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the shortest type of memory, an what is it’s lifetime?

A

Sensory (immediate)

ms–>s

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1
Q

In memory what is encoding?

A

Processing of info to be stored

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2
Q

What is short term memory also known as?

A

Working memory

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3
Q

Explain the working memory model

A

Central executive controls 2 systems involved in rehearsal:

  • phonological loop
  • visuospatial sketchpad
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4
Q

What brain areas are involved in the phonological loop?

A

Left supramarginal gyrus

Left premotor region

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5
Q

What brain areas are involved in the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Parieto-occipital regions in both hemispheres

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6
Q

What are the two types of DECLARATIVE long-term memory?

A

Episodic: events
Semantic: facts

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7
Q

Is DECLARATIVE memory flexible?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the brain regions involved in formation of DECLARATIVE memory?

A
  • Hippocampus

Mammillary body
Rhinal cortex
Dorsal thalamus

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9
Q

What brain regions are involved in the storage of declarative memory?

A 
Neocortex
Frontal cortices (dorsolateral + anterolateral)
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10
Q

What is long-term NON-DECLARATIVE (procedural/implicit) memory for?

A

Skills and associations acquired

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11
Q

Is NON-DECLARATIVE memory flexible?

A

No

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12
Q

What is non-associative procedural learning?

A

Changes to motor response after repeated presentation to stimulus:

  • Habituation - decreased response
  • Sensitisation - increased response
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13
Q

What is classical conditioning associative procedural learning?

A

change in passive motor response after learned association (Palov’s dogs)

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14
Q

What is Instrumental/Operant conditioning associative procedural learning?

A

change in active motor response dyer association between more action and reward

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15
Q

Brain areas underlying non-declarative memory?

A 
Cerebellum (motor)
Amygdala (emotion)
Basal ganglia
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory association cortex
16
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories

17
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty retrieving memories

18
Q

Synaptic plasticity: what are the effects of long term potentiation of CA1 (hippocampus)?

A

Increased efficiency/strength of synapse

Mediated by NMDA receptor

19
Q

Synaptic plasticity: Long term depression in cerebellum occurs at____? And is mediated by___?

A

Parallel fibre - purkinje cell synapses

AMPA receptors

20
Q

Association cortices receive input from…?

A

Other cortical areas
Thalamic nuclei
Sub cortical inputs

21
Q

Examples of other cortical inputs:

A

Ipsilatetal cortico-cortical connections

Interhemispheric cortico-cortical connections

22
Q

Examples of thalamic nuclei inputs:

A

Pulvinar nucleus - parietal assoc cortex

Medial dorsal nucleus - frontal assoc cortex

23
Q

Examples of subcortical inputs:

A
  • DA neurones in midbrain
  • NA/5-HT neurones in reticular formation
  • Cholinergic neurones in brainstem and basal forebrain
24
Q

The state of selectively processing simultaneous sources of information is…?

A

Attention

26
Q

ADHD suffers have smaller ___ and ____ in brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Basal ganglia

27
Q

The inability to attend to stimuli on one side of body, caused by lesion to partial cortex is called_____?

A

Contralateral neglect syndrome

28
Q

Symptoms of Balint’s syndrome caused by parietal cortex lesion are:

A

Simultanagnosia
Ocular apraxia
Optic ataxia

29
Q

Brain regions involved in emotion (limbic system) are….?

A

Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus / thalamus / ventral basal ganglia

30
Q

Language is detected in association cortices in which hemisphere?

A

Left

31
Q

The part of the left FRONTAL cortex involved in language PRODUCTION is?

A

Broca’s area

32
Q

Wernicke’s area is in the left ____ cortex and involved in _____?

A

Temporal

Understanding spoken language

33
Q

Disorders of language (that don’t effort motor/sensory function) are called?

A

Aphasias

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Conduction aphasia?

A

Difficulty repeating words

Due to lesions in pathway between Broca’d and Wernicke’s

35
Q

What brain regions are most important for controlling executive control systems?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

36
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for…?

A
  • Initiating + changing behaviour
  • Inhibiting behaviour
  • Simulating behavioural consequences
37
Q

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is responsible for…?

A
  • Inhibiting socially inappropriate behaviour

- sensitivity to consequences of action

38
Q

What is the main brain region involved in attention?

A

Right parietal cortex

Biology Of The Mind (9 decks)

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