Higher Cognitive Functions

Question 0

What is the shortest type of memory, an what is it’s lifetime?

Answer 0

Sensory (immediate)

ms–>s

Question 1

In memory what is encoding?

Answer 1

Processing of info to be stored

Question 2

What is short term memory also known as?

Answer 2

Working memory

Question 3

Explain the working memory model

Answer 3

Central executive controls 2 systems involved in rehearsal:

• phonological loop
• visuospatial sketchpad

Question 4

What brain areas are involved in the phonological loop?

Answer 4

Left supramarginal gyrus

Left premotor region

Question 5

What brain areas are involved in the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 5

Parieto-occipital regions in both hemispheres

Question 6

What are the two types of DECLARATIVE long-term memory?

Answer 6

Episodic: events
Semantic: facts

Question 7

Is DECLARATIVE memory flexible?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What are the brain regions involved in formation of DECLARATIVE memory?

Answer 8

• Hippocampus

Mammillary body
Rhinal cortex
Dorsal thalamus

Question 9

What brain regions are involved in the storage of declarative memory?

Answer 9

Neocortex
Frontal cortices (dorsolateral + anterolateral)

Question 10

What is long-term NON-DECLARATIVE (procedural/implicit) memory for?

Answer 10

Skills and associations acquired

Question 11

Is NON-DECLARATIVE memory flexible?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What is non-associative procedural learning?

Answer 12

Changes to motor response after repeated presentation to stimulus:

• Habituation - decreased response
• Sensitisation - increased response

Question 13

What is classical conditioning associative procedural learning?

Answer 13

change in passive motor response after learned association (Palov’s dogs)

Question 14

What is Instrumental/Operant conditioning associative procedural learning?

Answer 14

change in active motor response dyer association between more action and reward

Question 15

Brain areas underlying non-declarative memory?

Answer 15

Cerebellum (motor)
Amygdala (emotion)
Basal ganglia
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory association cortex

Question 16

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 16

Inability to form new memories

Question 17

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 17

Difficulty retrieving memories

Question 18

Synaptic plasticity: what are the effects of long term potentiation of CA1 (hippocampus)?

Answer 18

Increased efficiency/strength of synapse

Mediated by NMDA receptor

Question 19

Synaptic plasticity: Long term depression in cerebellum occurs at____? And is mediated by___?

Answer 19

Parallel fibre - purkinje cell synapses

AMPA receptors

Question 20

Association cortices receive input from…?

Answer 20

Other cortical areas
Thalamic nuclei
Sub cortical inputs

Question 21

Examples of other cortical inputs:

Answer 21

Ipsilatetal cortico-cortical connections

Interhemispheric cortico-cortical connections

Question 22

Examples of thalamic nuclei inputs:

Answer 22

Pulvinar nucleus - parietal assoc cortex

Medial dorsal nucleus - frontal assoc cortex

Question 23

Examples of subcortical inputs:

Answer 23

• DA neurones in midbrain
• NA/5-HT neurones in reticular formation
• Cholinergic neurones in brainstem and basal forebrain

Question 24

The state of selectively processing simultaneous sources of information is...?

Answer 24

Attention

Question 26

ADHD suffers have smaller ___ and ____ in brain?

Answer 26

Prefrontal cortex | Basal ganglia

Question 27

The inability to attend to stimuli on one side of body, caused by lesion to partial cortex is called_____?

Answer 27

Contralateral neglect syndrome

Question 28

Symptoms of Balint's syndrome caused by parietal cortex lesion are:

Answer 28

Simultanagnosia Ocular apraxia Optic ataxia

Question 29

Brain regions involved in emotion (limbic system) are....?

Answer 29

Amygdala Orbitofrontal cortex Cingulate gyrus / thalamus / ventral basal ganglia

Question 30

Language is detected in association cortices in which hemisphere?

Answer 30

Left

Question 31

The part of the left FRONTAL cortex involved in language PRODUCTION is?

Answer 31

Broca's area

Question 32

Wernicke's area is in the left ____ cortex and involved in _____?

Answer 32

Temporal Understanding spoken language

Question 33

Disorders of language (that don't effort motor/sensory function) are called?

Answer 33

Aphasias

Question 34

What are the symptoms of Conduction aphasia?

Answer 34

Difficulty repeating words | Due to lesions in pathway between Broca'd and Wernicke's

Question 35

What brain regions are most important for controlling executive control systems?

Answer 35

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 36

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for...?

Answer 36

- Initiating + changing behaviour - Inhibiting behaviour - Simulating behavioural consequences

Question 37

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is responsible for...?

Answer 37

- Inhibiting socially inappropriate behaviour | - sensitivity to consequences of action

Question 38

What is the main brain region involved in attention?

Answer 38

Right parietal cortex