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Step 1 Review > High Yield Embryology > Flashcards

High Yield Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogen

A

Substance affecting migration, proliferation, or interaction of cells
Causes congenital anomalies

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2
Q

Capacitation

A

Pruning of the sperm glycocalyx; permits the sperm-oocyte interaction

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3
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation that occurs outside of the uterine cavity; can occur in uterine tubes or in the pelvic cavity

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4
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Implantation occurs near the cervix

Provides high risk of bleeding

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5
Q

Placental Abruption

A

Placenta becomes attached

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6
Q

Placenta accreta

A

Abnormal adherence of the chorionic villi to the myometrium

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7
Q

Placenta percreta

A

Villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium

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8
Q

Hydatidiform moles

A

Result when there is no embryo or embryo dies and chorionic villi fail to vascularize
“Uterine enlargements greater than expected for gestational age”

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9
Q

What are long-term complications of hydatidiform moles?

A

Give rise to choriocarcinomas or persistent trophoblastic disease

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10
Q

Complete mole

A

Fertilization of empty oocyte (contains only paternal chromosomes)
Produces high levels of hCG

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11
Q

Partial moles

A

Derive from a poorly developed embryo

Always triploid and produce hCG

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12
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

Arises from multiple ovulations (high levels of FSH)

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13
Q

Monozygotic (identical) twins

A

Arise from splitting of single zygote

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14
Q

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

A

Secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

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15
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by corpus luteum for five months, then by placenta

Contraceptive “pill” and RU-486 are anti-progesterones

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16
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process where the epiblast gives rise to mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

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17
Q

Notochord

A

Derives from both endoderm and mesoderm; forms the nucleus pulposus

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18
Q

Sirenomelia

A

Caudal dysgensis from inadequate mesoderm

Lower limb defects

19
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Persistence of primitive streak, forms multi-tissue tumor

20
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein

A

Liver glycoprotein

Leaks into amniotic fluid with neural tube or ventral wall defects

21
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Incomplete neural arch, patch of hair over defect

22
Q

Poland anomaly

A

Congenital absence of the pectoralis major

23
Q

Congenital torticollis

A

Contracture/shortening of the sternocleidomastoid

24
Q

Amelia

A

absence of a limb

25
Q

Meromelia

A

Absence of part of a limb

26
Q

Congenital clubfoot

A

Any defect involving the talus

27
Q

What does splanchnic mesoderm form?

A

Primitive heart tube

Beats on day 22

28
Q

Pleuropericardial membranes

A

Form pericardium and pleura (somatic parts)

29
Q

Tetrology of Fallot

A

A combo of 4 heart defects

  • pulmonary stenosis
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
  • over-riding aorta
  • ventricular septal defect
30
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Right-sided heart

31
Q

Undivided truncus arteriosus

A

Neural crest defect where the bulbar regions fail to form

32
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Common defect associated with rubella and pregnancies occurring in high altitudes, more common in females

33
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Patent foramen ovale common

Can involve defect in septum primum or septum secundum

34
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Common

Involves membranous part of the interventricular septum

35
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

Most common cause of cyanosis in newborn

36
Q

Vitelline vein

A

Left disappears, right forms portal system

37
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Right disappears

Left drains placenta - becomes ligamentum teres hepatis

38
Q

Cardinal vein

A

Subcardinal - drains kidneys
Sacrocardinal - common iliac
Supracardinal - drains body wall (azygos veins)

39
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Between left umbilical and right vitelline veins

Forms ligamentum venosum

40
Q

Early development of lung

A

Begins in 4th week, derived from gut tube

Lungs become viable during the 24th gestational week due to secretion of surfactant

41
Q

When does formation of most alveoli occur?

A

Between birth and the 8th year

42
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Abnormal connection between esophagus and airway

Usually involves a proximal esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and a distal esophagus that connects to the trachea

43
Q

VACTERL association

A 
Combination of defects that arise from exposure to high levels of estrogens/progesterones during the embryonic period (weeks 3-9)
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Trachioesophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb abnormalities

Step 1 Review (6 decks)

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