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Epidemiological Transition > High Mortality > Flashcards

High Mortality Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘public health’.

A

The health of the population as a whole, especially as monitored, regulated, and promoted by the state.

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2
Q

Define ‘sanitation phase’.

A

A period which leads to reduction of infectious diseases by changing environmental conditions.

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3
Q

Define ‘epidemiology’.

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in population.

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4
Q

Define ‘demographic transition’.

A

The transition from high mortality from epidemics and demographic crises and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility with an interim period of population expansion.

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5
Q

List the 5 stages of demographic transition.

A
  1. High fluctuating: high mortality with crises and high fertility.
  2. Early expanding: declining fertility, increasing population.
  3. Late expanding: declining fertility, declining mortality, increasing population.
  4. Low fluctuating: low mortality and low fertility, stable population.
  5. Declining: sub replacement fertility
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6
Q

Define ‘working age’.

A

How many people within the population are capable of working to sustain the two dependent groups.

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7
Q

What are the two dependent groups of the population?

A
  • The young (0-14)
  • The elderly (60+)
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8
Q

What are the features of the high fluctuating stage?

A
  • Birth rates are high
  • Death rates are high
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9
Q

List reasons as to why birth rates are high in the high fluctuating and early expanding stage.

A
  • Cultural or religious beliefs encouraging large families to reproduce
  • Lack of contraception
  • Parents have lots of children to compensate for
  • High infant mortality
  • Children can help work on the land
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10
Q

List reasons as to why death rates are high in the high fluctuating stage.

A
  • Diseases
  • Famine / poor diet
  • Poor hygiene
  • Little medical science
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11
Q

What are the features of the early expanding stage?

A
  • Birth rates are high
  • Death rates start to decrease
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12
Q

List reasons as to why death rates start to decrease in the early expanding stage.

A
  • Improvements in medical care
  • Sanitation, water supply
  • Supply and cleanliness of food
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13
Q

What are the features of the late expanding stage?

A
  • Birth rates start to decline
  • Death rates continue to fall
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14
Q

List reasons as to why birth rates start to decline in the late expanding and the late fluctuating stage.

A
  • Increased access to contraception
  • Infant mortality falls
  • Industrialisation / mechanisation => less
    workers required
  • Wealth increases => ‘materialistic world’
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15
Q

List reasons as to why death rates continue to fall in the late expanding stage.

A
  • Developments of sanitation e.g. underground sewers
  • Medical development e.g. penicillin, surgery
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16
Q

What are the features of the late fluctuating stage?

A
  • Birth rates stay low
  • Death rates stay low
17
Q

What are the features of the declining stage?

A
  • Birth rates are very low
  • Death rates rise slightly
18
Q

Why are birth rates very low in the declining stage?

A

Countries suffer from low fertility.

19
Q

Why do death rates rise slightly in the declining stage?

A

Ageing people reach the end of their lives.

20
Q

Define ‘epidemiological transition (ET)’.

A

Transition from high mortality from acute infectious diseases (especially those in
childhood) to low mortality with deaths in old age from chronic diseases.

21
Q

What is the difference between epidemiological transition and demographic transition?

A

Epidemiological transition adds more detailed consideration to causes of mortality.

22
Q

Define ‘ecobiologic determinants of mortality’.

A

The changing patterns of immunity, vectors (such as the black rat partially responsible for spreading the bubonic plague in Europe), and the movement of pathogenic organisms.

23
Q

What are socioeconomic, political and cultural determinants?

A

Standards of living, health
habits and hygiene and nutrition. Those are included here, rather than under
medical determinants because their improvement in western countries was a by-product of social change rather than a result of medical design.

24
Q

Define ‘medical and public health determinants’.

A

Specific preventive and therapeutic measures used to fight disease.
- they include improved public sanitation and immunisation

25
Q

What are the five Ages of epidemiological transition?

A

1st: Age of Pestilence and Famine
2nd: Age of Receding Pandemics
3rd: Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases
4th: Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases
5th: Age of Obesity and Inactivity

26
Q

What are the features of the ET 1st Age?

A

DT Stage 1 ~ ET 1st Age
- high mortality with crises
- High fertility rates
- Periods of unsustainable population growth
- Life expectancy at birth around 30 years
-

26
Q

What are the features of the ET 1st Age?

A

DT Stage 1 ~ ET 1st Age
- High mortality with crises
- High fertility rates
- Periods of unsustainable population growth
- Life expectancy at birth around 30 years

27
Q

What are the causes of high mortality in ET 1st Age?

A

Infectious diseases accompanied by low yield but chronic diseases always existed.

28
Q

Define ‘direct entitlement decline’.

A

Loss of food crops to natural disaster e.g. drought, flooding, late frosts.

29
Q

Define ‘exchange entitlement decline’.

A

Adverse shifts in the exchange value of assets for food, e.g. falling wages or livestock prices, rising food prices.

30
Q

Define a ‘positive check’.

A

Situation that is increasing the death rate, e.g. famine, misery, plague and war

31
Q

Define ‘Poor Laws’.

A

Support for those in poverty.

32
Q

Why did they not support Poor Laws?

A

They believed they were exacerbating the problem and preventing necessary positive checks.

Epidemiological Transition (8 decks)

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