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Epidemiological Transition > Fertility Transition > Flashcards

Fertility Transition Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘fertility transition’.

A

Decline of 50% or more in the
number of children the average woman bears.

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2
Q

Define ‘fertility’ in medical terms.

A

The ability to conceive.

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3
Q

Define ‘fecundability’.

A

The probability of conceiving within a given period of time, e.g. during a specific month or menstrual cycle.

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4
Q

Define ‘fecundity’.

A

The ability to conceive.

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5
Q

Define ‘fertility’ in demographic terms.

A

Number of children.

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6
Q

Describe stage 1 of fertility transition.

A
  • Fertility responds to crises in mortality – people fill
    the gaps with additional children
  • When mortality decreases, fertility follows the
    same pattern.
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7
Q

List the two primary preventive checks of the Malthusian population control.

A
  • Moral restraint
  • Vice (birth control)
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8
Q

Describe moral restraint.

A

Higher social classes limited their family size in order to not dissipate their wealth among larger numbers of heirs.
This was done through abstinence, celibacy and delayed marriage.

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9
Q

Describe vice (birth control).

A

Lower social classes but insufficient to limit the vast numbers of the poor.

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10
Q

Describe stage 2 of fertility transition.

A

Mortality begins to decline but there is a lag before fertility responds.

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11
Q

Describe stage 3 of fertility transition.

A

Fertility begins to decline and mortality continues to fall.

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12
Q

What are the impacts of fertility decline?

A
  • Longer breastfeeding - survival leads to birth spacing
  • Less economic need and space for children in urban areas compared with rural agricultural economy
  • Less physical burden on women enabling working
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13
Q

Why does increased food production lead to increased fertility?

A

More food leads to more opportunities for more people to get married for those people to get married younger and longer marriages lead to increased fertility.

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14
Q

List social examples of underlying determinants of fertility.

A
  • Education
  • Income
  • Work
  • Status of women
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15
Q

List cultural examples of underlying determinants of fertility.

A
  • Marriage practices
  • Post-partum abstinence
  • Religious beliefs about contraception
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16
Q

List health examples of underlying determinants of fertility.

A
  • Prevalence of STD’s
  • Malaria
17
Q

List political examples of underlying determinants of fertility.

A
  • Government policies regarding family planning
  • Female education
18
Q

List programmatic examples of underlying determinants of fertility.

A
  • Availability of contraceptive information and services
19
Q

What are Bongaart’s Proximate Determinants?

A
  1. Proportion of women in a sexual union (married)
  2. Use of contraception
  3. Post-partum amenorrhea (due to breastfeeding)
  4. Induced abortion
  5. Frequency of intercourse
  6. Spontaneous foetal losses
  7. Sterility (due to disease)
20
Q

When was the Princeton European Fertility Project launched?

A

1963

21
Q

What was the purpose of the Princeton European Fertility Project?

A

Designed to test transition theory with historical data
from ~700 provincial-level units throughout Europe.

22
Q

When was the World Fertility Surveys launched?

A

In the 1970s

23
Q

What did the World Fertility Surveys achieve?

A

Provided evidence on fertility change from > 40 less developed countries.

24
Q

What does empirical evidence say about the
Demographic Transition Theory?

A

No consistent relationship can be found between the timing of the onset of fertility decline (or other level of fertility measures) AND socio-economic development as one looks across the countries.

25
Q

List the necessary pre-conditions for decline in marital
fertility.

A
  • A settings that allows fertility control to be part of calculus of conscious choice
  • Clear economic advantages of smaller family size
  • Availability of information bout, and means of, fertility control
26
Q

List the three main fertility transition theories.

A
  • Theory of intergenerational wealth flow
  • Theory of supply and demand
  • Diffusion of innovation theory
27
Q

What are the key features of the Theory of Supply and Demand?

A
  1. Supply of children, initially limited by poor health
    conditions
  2. Demand for children for economic and social reasons
  3. Cost of fertility regulation
28
Q

List two criticisms associated with the Theory of Supply and Demand.

A
  • Does not specify what socioeconomic variables account
    for demand for children
  • Does not explains the variations on pre-transitional marital fertility
29
Q

What are the key features of the Theory of Intergenerational Wealth Flow?

A
  • Changes in child labour, compulsory education, extended families, etc. shifts child-to-parent ‘wealth flow’ to parent-to-child
  • Fertility is limited as children become a burden to the family
30
Q

List a criticism associated with the Theory of Intergenerational Wealth Flow.

A

Little empirical evidence to support this theory.

31
Q

What are the key features of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory?

A
  • Population sub-groups open to outside influence would be
    affected first
  • In the process of transition, fertility differentials across
    diffusion barriers (race, language, education) will first increase, then decline
  • Family planning programs can help to bring about family
    decline
32
Q

List three criticisms associated with the Diffusion of Innovation Theory.

A
  • Narrow in focus that it is about an issue related to changing contraceptive behaviours
  • Places culture out of social, economic, and political context
  • Limited empirical evidence-e.g., does not indicate when
    innovations will actually be adopted by a population
33
Q

What is the role of National Family Planning programs in
fertility decline?

A
  • Provides information on fertility regulation methods
  • Reduces the costs (and enhances the effectiveness) of contraceptive practice
  • May influence demands for children by changing the social norms about ideal family size, role, and status of women, etc.
34
Q

Why is there not a theory of fertility decline applicable to all areas?

A
  • Fertility transitions are the results of a complex interaction of social, economic, cultural and political forces that change patterns of family formation, family size desires, and fertility control behaviours
  • The relative importance of different forces may be
    quite different in different settings
35
Q

How do we measure Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)?

A

(Births in year to women aged X) divided by (women aged X at mid year) multiplied by 1000

36
Q

How do we measure Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

A

(Sum of ASFRs) x 5) divided by 1000

37
Q

What is peak child?

A

Maximum number of children globally.

Epidemiological Transition (8 decks)

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