High Middle Ages Flashcards
Battle of Hastings
The battle over who would be king Edward the successors, battle won by William the conqueror
William of Normandy
Called king of England on Christmas Day 1066. Won the battle of Hastings over who would be king Edward the confessors successor
Bayeux tapestry
A 231 foot long imbroidery. Has 70 scenes depicting the Norman conquest of England, used by historians to learn about that event
Domesday book
A thorough census taken in 1086 by William the conqueror, it lists every possible castle and field of propert throughout England, enabled an effective system of taxes.
Exchequer
Treasury founded by William the conqueror to help in collecting taxes, fines, and other financial obligations
Henry ii
Well educated king that took throne in 1154. Instituted common law and jury system. Killed Thomas becket Archbishop of Canterbury
Common law
A legal system based on custom and court rulings. Applied to all of England. Sent justices out to enforce royal laws
People supported this instead of church and feudal law
Gained money through court fees
People more willing to go to royal court due to common law
Thomas becket
Archbishop of Canterbury, killed by four of Henry IIs knights because he opposed the king on the issues of trying religious officials in royal court
King john
Son of Henry ii, lost parts of France to king Phillip ii, lost Normandy, rejected pope innocent IIIs selection for the new Archbishop of Canterbury, resulted on his excommunication and interdict of England. Forced to safe his power and recognized England as an estate for the church, forced to pay annual fee to the church
Magna Carta
Great charter. Asserted that nobles had certain rights, over time these rights spread to all English citizens. Also made it clear that the monarch must obey the law
Due process
Protected free people from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment unless judged by peers
Habeas corpus
The principle that no person can be held in prison without being charged for a specific crime
Edward I
Called parliament to approve finances for war
Parliament
Lawmaking body of England, two branches - House of Commons, House of Lords. “Power of purse” parliament controlled new taxes, limited power of monarchs
Hugh Capet
Filled throne in 987, start if Capetian line of French rulers, made throne hereditary, increased amount of land by pitting against each other, Built effective bureaucracy that imposed and collected taxes
Philip ii
Paid middle class people to work for government instead of disloyal nobles, Grants charters to members of middle class, Increased royal land after defeating king john of England in war, Adds land in south after Albigensian crusade
Albigensians
A heretical group in the south of France who believed the church was evil, corrupt and materialistic
Louis IX
Religious king devoted to justice, charity, and chivalry, ended serfdom, probate wars, amd privately heard legal cases, sent out royal officials to check on local governments, declared a saint but failed in the crusades, persecuted heretics and Jews
Philip iv
Louis grandson, tried to Increase money by increasing taxes on clergy, captured and beat pope Boniface VIII to death for opposing this action. Creation of Avignon papacy
Pope Boniface VIII
Opposed actions of Philip iv, war of words and actions ensued, was beaten to death by Philips troops
Avignon
The papal court moved to Avignon France where the French rulers could exercise more control over it
Otto I
King of Germany. First holy roman emperor crowned after helping the pope defeat rebellious nobles.
Lay investiture
A practice where lay people or the emperor invested in or presented bishops with the ring that symbolized their office
Henry iv
King of Germany and crowned HRE during the pontificate of pope Gregory VII. Was upset with pope Gregory’s decision to bam lay investiture, was excommunicated and at the apology at Canossa he repemted to the pope and the excommunication was lifted
Pope Gregory VIII
Banned lay investiture and excommunicated henry iv for his opposing views. Lifted the excommunication At e apology at Canossa. Was forced into exile after Henry invaded Rome
Concordat of worms
1122: agreement between papacy and HRE, Church had power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual power, Emperor could grant bishops land/fiefs. Put an end to the lay investiture crisis
Frederick Barbarossa
Wanted control of northern Italy- met with resistance of northern Italian and papal alliance, ensured his son married a noble Italian woman, enabling his empire to stay involved in Italian politics
Frederick ii
Grandson of Frederick Barbarossa
Spent little time in Germany but failed to gain control of Italy.
Spent allot of time and energy in Italy to add land to his dominion
Excommunicated 4 times; viewed as “antichrist” by papacy.
-Germany not unified -Local nobles had power and independence while emperor obsessed with Italy was not present
Pope innocent III
- Excommunication/ interdict King John and England after the Archbishop of Canterbury disagreement.
- Excommunication/ interdict king Phillip II and France after king Phillip tried to annul (invalidate) his marriage
- Launched crusade against albigensians s/ Phillip ii- thousands slaughtered
- Approved Franciscan order in 1209
Scholasticism
thinkers who resolve faith-reason conflict, stated that faith and reason exist in harmony and that they lead to the same truth, led by st Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas
Dominican friar who combined Christian theology with greek philosophy, leader of scholasticism.
dante alighieri
italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy. the characters traveled to hell (inferno), purgatory, and heaven (paradise). Spoke to people across history from different locations
epic poem
long narrative poems about warriors and common people
venacular
everyday language like french and italian
Geoffrey chaucer
author of Canterbury tales, tale about pilgrims traveling to thomas beckets grave
