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Perception and Cognition II > High level perception - Action perception > Flashcards

High level perception - Action perception Flashcards

1
Q

Why is action perception important?

A

Humans are highly social
Successful action perception affords evolutionary advantage
Interacting in complex social environment
Threat detection
Building of alliances with friends
Interactions with potential mates
Action perception is fast – dedicated systems?

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2
Q

what is the v4 sensitive to?

A

sensitive to colour

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3
Q

what is the v5 sensitive to?

A

direction motion identified by zeki

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4
Q

what is the motion pathway?

A

Eye —> LGN —> V1 —> V5

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5
Q

are receptive fields large in the V5?

A

V5 cells have receptive fields larger than V1

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6
Q

when are cells in the V5 activated?

A

activates when things are actually moving not when they are static and is activated to implied motion and illusory motion

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7
Q

what are V5 cells sensitive to?

A

Moving dots/bars
Direction
Speed

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8
Q

What map does the V5 have/?

A

retinotopic map of the visual world —> complete map of visual world in the area V5

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9
Q

are v5 cells sensitive to colour

A

not really

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10
Q

Microstimulation

A

directionally selective V5 neurons biases perception of motion in the direction coded by the neurons

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11
Q

Evidence of V5 been sensitive to illusiory stimuli?

A

Compared BOLD response when illusionary motion seen versus similar figure (Black and white version) where illusionary motion is not seen

Bold response (fMRI) higher in illusionary motion

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12
Q

Evidence of V5 been activated to implied motion

A

compared BOLD response when figure implies motion versus similar figures where motion is not implied

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13
Q

does V5 activate when thinking of motion

A

yes Ps were put into an fMRI scan and they found that the brain was activated just at the thought of motion or imagining yourself moving

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14
Q

TMS study of V5 - what happened when monkeys V5 was stimulated?

A

the monkey sees where activity is stimulating in the visual field.

Cells do not just respond to whats in the environment they see the movement because the cells are firring

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15
Q

Medial Superior Temporal (MST) cells

A

MST cells have receptive fields larger than V5 cells and allow more complex flow patterns
activity of these cells constitutes to the subjective experience of motion

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16
Q

what are MST cells sensitive too?

A

ranslation (left, right, up, down etc.)
Expansion (optic flow) if you get close to something you will see more of it
Contraction if you walk back from something less of it is in the visual field
Rotation if you walk in this trajectory

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17
Q

what is biological motion?

A

It’s your brain’s ability to recognize movement as biologically meaningful—like someone walking, running, dancing, or gesturing—even if the visual information is super minimal.

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18
Q

how is biological motion often tested?

A

point-light biological motion

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19
Q

what did Johansson do?

A

attached light bulbs to the joints of actors performing actions in the dark.
He filmed the actors, which created point lights moving on a black background.
Observers were able to recognize what the actors were doing from the point-light displays.

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20
Q

what are some of the percepts of biological motion?

A
  1. Actions
  2. Hand actions, facial actions, speech
  3. Gender
  4. Emotion
  5. Body Weight
  6. Identity
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21
Q

why do different percepts exist?

A

ambiguity of the stimulus
top down influences
individual differences
contextual information
neural processing differences

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22
Q

what does biological motion show?

A

Biological Motion shows that motion can generate form information - we can know what a person is doing even without seeing their whole outline or fully knowing what they are doing

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23
Q

face biological motion

A

Face biological motion - can see the face and sometimes even expression whether they are happy or sad or smiling or frowning

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24
Q

pSTS in the monkey

A

this in the monkey responds to biological motion figures

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25
what types of biological motion are difficult to recognise?
Inverted Biological Motion stimuli are difficult to recognize (Pavlova & Sokolov, ‘00)
26
what improves biological motion recognition?
Sound improves Biological Motion recognition (Saygin, Driver, de Sa, ‘08)
27
who struggle with observing biological motion?
ASD children
28
can animals discriminate biological motion
yes
29
is sts activated in biological motion?
YES - STS seems to be involved in the processing of the motion of animate beings STS responds to the articulated nature of moving human stimuli
30
where is rigid - non articilated motion processed?
rigid (non articulated motion) – middle temporal gyrus (MTG) - more posterioir
31
The further down the STS you go
he more the brain responds to the articulated nature of moving human stimuli (Grezes et al., 2001)
32
during implied biological motion what area is activated?
V5 - no motion but you see motion present - zeki - Greater activity in a region of human cortex when viewing moving black and white squares than when they were stationary
33
How was illusory motion tested for biological motion ?
Compared BOLD response when illusionary motion seen versus similar figure (Black and white version) where illusionary motion is not seen hMT/V5 active
34
illusion of motion
v5 = illusion of emotion and implied motion - not moving but look like they are moving or about to move Compared BOLD response when figure implies motion versus similar figures where motion is not implied hMT/V5 and STS
35
overall what does HMT/V5 respond to?
- hMT/V5 responds to motion > static –(Zeki, et al. *Journal of Neuroscience,* 1991) - hMT/V5 responds to illusionary motion –(Zeki et al. *Proceedings of the Royal Society,* 1993) - hMT/V5 responds to implied motion –(Kourtzi and Kanwisher, *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,* 2000; Senior et al. *Current Biology*, 2000) - hMT/V5 responds to imaginary motion during mental rotation –(Cohen et al. *Brain,* 1995)
36
What occurs at STS? in monkey brain
combined motion in sts in order to represent action info from the V5 and AIT combined in the STS form information and motion direction combined in sts
37
what do monkey STS cells respond to?
monkey sts cells respond to implied motion and people walking in a direction or looking like they are going to walk in a certain direction.
38
Monkey STS responding to specific actions?
Hand actions: pick, manipulate, tear, groom, grasp, place, hit, stroke Body actions: walk forward, walk backward, various articulations (bending at knee, shoulder, hip) Face actions: grasp with teeth, grasp with lips, lipsmack, coo, pant-threat, eye-movements
39
Cells could underlie our ability to recognize actions - the bigger the response suggests
the more likely that action is occurring - we arent just thinking about it
40
is STS activation grandmother or population coding
More likely to be population coding not Grandmother coding - not a unique cell for everyting - population
41
population coding
a neural coding mechanism where information is represented by the combined activity of a large group of neurons,
42
do different environmental conditions matter for biological motion?
dont care too much about specific factors in the visual field - will still activate Lighting Size Position in space Instance STS cells seem to respond to action irrespective of these low level qualities
43
View-dependent coding
(egocentric) - some STS cells respond to an action from one view
44
View-independent coding
(allocentric) - Object-centered coding - Some STS cells respond to action from any view
45
area of human brain that responds more to bodies than any other part of the brain
EBA brain area and FBA
46
EBA hierarachy
whole body < body parts > face < other objects
47
TMS study target what areas
Targeted 3 different brain areas: - Occipital Face Area (OFA) - Lateral Occipital area (LO) - Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) Performed and object discrimination task
48
object discrimination task in TMS study
object discrimination task - cross - stimulus - then mask then probe is this same or difefrent
49
Disruption of OFA
impairs face processing (but not object or body processing)
50
Disruption of LO
impairs object processing (but not face or body processing)
51
Disruption of EBA
impairs body processing (but not object or face processing)
52
what did PET study illustrate?
Single cell recording shows selective responses to actions
53
STS in humans
Human STS appears to have a critical role in action perception - consists of several subregions and nearby related areas (pSTS, TPJ, STG etc.) responds to biological motion, static images of hands and body, hand actions, face actions, eye-movements (Allison et al 2000)
54
EBA AND FBA
static bodies and body parts
55
Alison
superior sulcus broke into parts superior is higher up one in this study different responds to things found along the STS
56
why are human bodies important ?
- for our own bodies we can integrate multimodal information (visual, tactile and kinesthetic information) Bodies are the only way we can intentionally influence the world
57
how do we put intention in to language?
he wants to win the race etc
58
what are the two parts of intention?
intention implies the ends to want to do something and the means of getting there - only one of the above is not enough for attention
59
ToM and intention
ToM - differentiating between mental state and reality brain parts that process actions of other people and what they intend to do toddlers - understand goal directed actions
60
TPJ (Temporal Parietal Junction) –
representation of specific contents of mental states, beliefs, Theory of Mind
61
STS cells in monkeys responding to mouth movements
Observing the movement of another person's face improves the intelligibility of speech - important for speech
62
Deaf people (and hearing people) - how do they use mouth movements
can use mouth movements to understand speech without sound - lip-reading
63
Calvert, 1997, Science Compared brain activity during: 1. Sound: Listening to number list read aloud 2. Vision: Watching lips of someone reading number list and found ...
auditory cortex is activated during when people are moving their lips and you see it this is the A1 primary auditory cortex - doesnt only process sound but the sight of someone talking
64
do blind people ue hand gestures?
hand gestures - concurrent hand gestures- we use them to better understand others and formulate our selves even blind people will do this use these movements even to someone they know is blind - is it an integral part of speech -
65
deaf patients fMRI while doing sign language
Tested perception of ASL and nonsense hand gestures - STS more active to ASL - STS important in the understanding of ASL
66
emotional body language
- We are able to make inferences about the perception of people’s emotions from their actions - irrespective of their action

Perception and Cognition II (10 decks)

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