Attention - Tutorial Flashcards
Change deafness
a perceptual phenomenon where a listener fails to notice a significant change in an auditory stimulus
change blindness
a visual phenomenon that occurs when someone doesn’t notice a significant change to a visual scene.
What did Fenn and Shintel research?
Whether listeners fail to detect significant change during a telephone conversation particularly when the changes occurred gradually or were embedded in a complex conversation.
What did Fenn and Shintel find?
The if the convo was complex theyd miss big changes in audio
Change Detection Difficulty - could pp detect a change in speaker?
Participants were less likely to notice when one speaker changed their identity or when a topic shift occurred during the conversation, especially when they were focused on the content of the conversation itself. This suggests that listeners tend to focus on the meaning and flow of the conversation rather than on individual details like the identity of the speaker.
what was the impact of attention on change deafness
The failure to detect changes was influenced by the listener’s level of attention. When participants were engaged in other cognitive tasks or distracted, they were even less likely to notice changes in the conversation.
what was the impact of context on change deafness?
- listeners’ prior knowledge and expectations about the conversation or the participants influenced their ability to detect changes.
- If the conversation followed a predictable pattern, listeners were less likely to notice changes, even when they were directly in front of them.
were gradual or abrupt changes more noticed in audio study
Gradual vs. Abrupt Changes: The research also suggested that gradual changes (like a change in voice or a subtle shift in tone) were more likely to go unnoticed than abrupt changes, which people might be more inclined to catch.
Overt Change Blindness
When an obvious change happens but is missed due to the way the scene is presented or the observer’s attention.
Covert Change Blindness:
When the change is not noticed due to the limitations in attention or perception.
role of attention in change blindness
- People tend to notice changes when they are paying attention to the relevant features of a scene, but when their attention is diverted or when the change occurs during a distraction (e.g., a brief flicker or visual disruption), the change goes unnoticed.
do we pay attention to a whole scene?
we do not perceive the entirety of a scene at once. Our attention is selective, and change blindness illustrates the limitations in this selective process.
change blindness blindness
people are unaware of their own failure to detect changes and assume they notice more than they actually do.
is our perception of a scene continuous according to the theory?
- our perception of a scene is not continuous but rather occurs in discrete snapshots or saccadic bursts.
- The brain fills in gaps based on prior knowledge or expectations, which can result in missing changes.
why is understanding change blindness important for drivers?
understanding change blindness can improve safety measures and help design more effective systems, from warning signals in cars to the layout of critical information in user interfaces.
Word recognition view
Semantic processing independent of talker identity (Kouider & Dupoux, 2005)
*Changing speaker voice has no effect on ability to encode or recall a message
*Change deafness may occur because the speaker voice carries no extra useful
information
Episodic view
*Non lexical information is also encoded by listeners (Talkers vocal characteristics e.g
accent)
* Listener has to be sensitive to change in speakers dialect and vocal characteristics
to understand message Kraljic, Brennan & Samuel (2008)
*Listeners SHOULD be sensitive to change in speakers voice to maintain perceptual
phonological processing constancy
when participants were or were not told the speaker would change did they notice?
All participants in changed-talker group responded as though the talker changed.
Only 2 (20%) in the same-talker group did not know whether the talker had changed
