attention in the real world Flashcards
dual task decrement
The performance difference between a task on its own and with another task
what would structural models argue the cost of dual tasking is due to?
due to task switching, true dual tasking is not really possible.
what would capacity models say about dual tasking?
Capacity models say the decrement is due to both tasks drawing on the same reserves of capacity
in a car simulation, could people have a hand free conversation and drive effectively?
slower to break, kept breaking for longer and took longer to slow down in both types of traffic (high/low) while Dual Tasking
does having a conversation in a car have the same effect as hand free?
In car conversations do not seem to have the same impact - when the confederate was in the simulation car
in a surprise memory test after car conversation how did Ps perform?
P’s also showed lower recognition of items from within simulation in surprise recognition test
How did Ps perform when texting in car?
Dual task decrements —> Slower breaking —> More varied following distances —> Showed more “failure to maintain lane” behaviour
why is there a difference in hand free convo and texting while driving?
- Texting and driving could involve attention switching between two tasks
- Hands free conversations and driving could be two tasks drawing on the different modalities.
can people walk and be on their phone?
On the phone meant lead to more changing direction and weaving, less acknowledging of others, They also missed the Unicycling clown
workload models who would explain why performance drops when on phone and walking ..
Task Demands: Walking needs attention for balance and environment, while talking requires auditory processing and working memory.
Mental Resources: Both tasks compete for limited cognitive resources.
Resource Allocation: If combined demands exceed capacity, performance drops, especially when tasks overlap (e.g., motor control for both).
example of succseful dual tasking
piloting
wickens model of multi tasking
Wickens’ theory proposes that we have multiple separate pools of cognitive resources for different types of tasks (e.g., visual, auditory, motor).
These resources are independent, meaning tasks that require different resources are less likely to interfere with each other.
wickens 2003 study into different modalities - what were the tasks?
- Normal instruments plus verbal communications
- Normal instruments plus text update from ATC
In wickens 2003 study which task was completed better?
- Normal instruments plus verbal communications - but there were more feedback errors this is due to different modalities
can you learn and be on you phone?
No
gave students 20 min tedtalk then a test half had their phone during the tedtalk. the texters did worse
efficient search slope
flat
what is gist?
possibly by a non-selective pathway that extracts basic semantic information from scene
expert radiologists looking at xrays
they use gist and are much quicker at diagnosing than students. they find abnormalities very fast
experts = 70% accuracy
but localisation of brief view were not accurate
what pathway is gist?
non-selective pathway
selective pathway
traditional pathway that provides the detail.
baggage search study - when participants had to be scanners at airport could they improve their ability to find items and what is wrong
Accuracy and speed improved with practice - but decreased with novel targets
Improvement is in identification not “foraging” or search
wolfe trying to apply radiology to the real world - since in reality they only see targets 0.3% of the time
Target present in 1%, 10% or 50% (Prevalence)
2000 trials (1%), or 200 trials (10% & 50%)
Reward for correct answers
Accuracy effected by prevalence
Worrying inaccuracy at 1%
Even with 4000 trails
Accuracy at 41% for 1% Prevalence
EYE TRACKING AND BASKETBALL - WHAT WAS DIFFERENT between novice and experts?
Shown scenes of play situations, Response “shoot, dribble, pass or stay”
Visual search patterns measured, Experts not faster in choices But search patterns were different, Experts focused more on empty space and their teammates’ marker
goalkeepers –> expert and novices - how did they differ when using joystick to predict where kick would send the ball?
Experts more accurate on direction and height of kick. Waited longer to make decision, they fixated on fewer areas in the scene. Focused more on the kicking and non kicking leg of the ball while novices focused on hips.
