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The code of Hammurabi identified three distinct classes in Mesopotamia
The free land owning class - royal family . Priests. Warriors. High gov officials . Merchants
A class of dependent farmers and craftsmen worked for the free land owning class
Slaves, who do domestic work and less desirable jobs outside the homes
Earliest civilization
Mesopotamia
Two rivers the Tigris and Euphrates
Crossroads for diverse groups
Many early settlers were members of which language family
Semitic language family
Who are the non-Semitic group called that came into a lower Mesopotamia about 5000 BCE
Sumerians
Sumerians created competing
City states
Centered in a large town that governed countryside around it
The Sumerian city states were not politically unified until 23000 when an invading Semitic group led by Who conquered the area
Sargon the great
Sargon the great founded the
Akkadian empire
As a result of the political conquest of the Akkadian empire
Cultural diffusion of Sumerian ways spread which influenced Mesopotamia to Egypt which became the Fertile Crescent
What city state replaced the Akkad in power
Ur rose
Gov bureaucracy grew
SYS of messengers and road stations sped up communication in area
In 1700’s Hammurabi led who do conquer Mesopotamia
Babylonians
Over the centuries Hittites in 1500s BCE Assyrians and new Babylonians also came through
Common characteristics were both in
Egypt was ….for much time
River valleys
Isolated
Egypt was protected by cataracts
Areas where the water was too swift and Rocky to allowed boats to pass
What marker event occurred under the Babylonians
The first written law code called HAMMUrabis code
Shows beliefs and customs of the Mesopotamia people
Flooding in Egypt was
Regular and predictable
Could take preventative measures
Flooding in Mesopotamia was unpredictable
They were gloomy and resigned to fate
Egypt ppl more optimistic to control their destinies
Who created bronze
And did Egyptians use it
3000 BCE Mesopotamia metal workers invented bronze
Egyptians didn’t use this until after 17th century when attacked and defeated by HYKSOS (turkey) Egypt didn’t have any cuz their natural environment
Egypts political system reflected importance of
Reflected the importance of religious beliefs
Pharaoh
Ancient Egypts political history often divided into three eras
The old kingdom
The Middle Kingdom
The new kingdom
The major cities of INDUS River valley
What did they speak
Mohenjo- Daro
Harappa
Dravidian language
Who were the Indus River valley ppl conquered by
The Aryans invaders from the northwest
Egyptian religion was ….
Polytheistic
Strongly associated w agriculture
Amon re
Isis
Osiris
God of sun
Goddess of the Nile and fertility
Ruler of the afterlife
System failure
A breakdown of the political social and economic systems supported it
East Asia developed ?
Independently
Analects
A collection of Confucianism
Cosmopolitanism
The shares cultures and lifestyles that result when diff groups are in regular contact
Egypt - the new kingdom of Egypt began after the defeat of hyksos
It..
Egypt no longer isolated civilization got ties w Western Asia and got large army
Ppl who lived in Crete
Minoans
Minoan civilization replaced by who?
Mycenae
Were at war w city of Troy
Lots of invasions to Crete so the Mycenaeans abandoned and Aegean area turned into dark age
After fall of Mycenae civilization Greek cities emerged they were isolated until
The Phoenicians visited the Aegean reestablishing trade Middle East and Greece
Spartan women
Vs
Athens
Sparta women were free and equal w men were physically fit
Sparta run by women cuz men at war
Athens gender inequality defined confined to the home DIDNT HAVE POLITICAL RIGHTS NOR COULD THEY OWN PROPERTY OR BUISNESSES were citizens tho
Indus River valley construction suggests
Well organized gov plan and fortifications
Zhou overthrew who?
And claimed could rule bc of what
Shang
Mandate of Heaven
Polis were
Grew up how
City state
Cooperated together in inter city organization aka leagues
Independently
Solon
Most important oligarch of Athens set up laws that can be re written and revised
Rebellion put who In control and what did he do
Cleisthenes
Experimented w democracy
Who was the council of 500
Citizens chose and they were responsible for implementing policy
Mecca was founded by who
Umayyad clan of Quraysh Bedouin tribe
The most revered shrine
And the sacred rock is held
The Ka’ba and the black stone
Why was is impossible to unite the bedouins
Wars between rival clans
Animism
Spirits residing in ordinary objects and polytheism
Bedouin
Who did the Umayyad political leaders feel threatened by
And why
Muhammad
Saw new faith as danger to Mecca status as a pilgrimage destination for those that traveled to Ka’ba
Islam became universalizing religion bc
Adherents spread the new faith
It’s principles appeared broadly to people of many different cultural backgrounds
Muhammad fateful flight to medina aka
HijrAh marks date of new religion
