Chapter 10 Unit 4 Flashcards
Italian city states declined politically Renaissance creativity stayed alive by spreading where
Northward they were more religious blended religious and secular
2 famous writers of northern Renaissance interested in secular life
William Shakespeare
Miguel de Cervantes
Influence of humanists enhanced after 1450 w invention of —– by German
Johann Gutenberg
Advanced printing press made writing available for more ppl - PPl have bibles- more literacy - Renaissance ideas
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote the prince . Philosophical view of ideal political leader based on ancient roman rules ( in response to Italian city states constant attacks by French etc
Increased access to printed materials led to what
Events that resulted in weakening of the religious and political power of church
Protestant reformation
Rebellions against church led to permanent new divisions in wet term Christianity Catholics vs Protestants
Protestant reformations began when WHAT
How ppl worried about
Martin Luther made the 95 theses and criticized Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences
Ppl worried church getting in between individual and God
Church growing greed
Indulgences
Paper that says your sins are forgiven if u pay money
Simony
The act of selling church offices and roles ( pay have higher rank)
Tithe
10% of yearly earnings go to church
Protestant teachings
The bible is the only source of truth ( ppl can read for themselves)
Written in vernacular languages
Salvation comes ONLY thru faith in Christ not indulgences
Rise in literacy led to
Interest in exploration which led to spread new ideas
Luther was later what? And his works inspired what
Excommunicated from church
He inspired movements that split religious unity
John Calvin
What’s religion called and where spread
Meanwhile luthers followers believed in what
Established a variation of Protestant
believed in VENGEFUL stern God
Calvinism
British isles
A merciful God
Henry v111 made what
The Anglican Church
Actions based on pipes refusal to let him divorce his wife who didn’t make a son
The catholic reformation
The movement to revive churches reputation & roles
Catholic Church responded forcefully
Tried to persuade Protestants to return back to church & banned indulgences
Assembly called council of Trent did what?
Led to what
Gathered high officials discuss religious doctrines and what Protestants complained about. Led to schools for priests
Jesuits
New religious members that went around Europe convincing people to return to church
Later became international missionaries converts in Asia and Americas
Protestant and catholic reformations led to
Break up of Catholic Church power
Edict of Nantes made thru what
Granted religious liberty and tolerance to Protestants
Religious tensions - wars - edict
Thirty year war
Ended w
Treaty of Westphalia
Cities can now choose their own religion
European religious war Ferdinand tried telling all to be catholic Protestants mad
English civil war
Catholic learning of Stuart kings / lots religious issues
Tensions led ppl leave America
The scientific revolution
Humanistic shaped science
Scientists based knowledge on direct observation ( math not theories during ancient times)
Reliance on human understanding weakened church
Empirical evidence
Info varifiable by observations
New science contrasted what bc why
Contrasted scholasticism of Middle Ages
Scholars has based inquiry on principles by church new emphasis on freedom of inquiry led to clashes b/w scientists and religious authorities
Nicholas Copernicus
Based his math on models by nasir al din
Revised Julian calendar ( Romans based it on Ptolemy ) theory adopted by church questioning Ptolemy was questioning church
Copernicus discovers earth revolves around sun
Nasir al din
Islamic scholar 13th century
Tycho Brahe and johannes kepler
Used Copernicus model to make theories showing other PLANETS REVOLVE ROUND SUN IN ORBITALS
Kepler published his work - fueled conflict religious officials vs scientists
Church said was heresy Protestants against new science
Galileo Galilei
And effect of this
Italian astronomer
Turned telescope first study the heavens discovered MILKY WAY
Ppl mad cuz showed earth wasn’t special religious ppl question
He published for not just scientists church banned him house arrest
Isaac Newton
Most famous European scientists
Book described basic principles of motion math formulas for pull gravity
Intellectuals rethought concept of God thru explanation that a divinity set natural laws in motion system called
Deism
The enlightenment
New emphasis on human capabilities/accomplishments and importance of rational thought was displayed learn natural laws of universe
John Locke
Understood “laws of nature” on human liberties and equality
Thomas Hobbes
Said human beings by nature MUST be controlled by abs rulers
Adam smith
Analyzed natural law of supply and demand
Book “the wealth of nations”
Center of enlightenment
France
Salons were gatherings hosted by woman discuss ideas
Baron de Montesquieu
Liked British parliament suggest gov w 3 independent branches that SHARE political power
French philosopher Francois VOLTAIRE
Wrote criticisms of French monarchy and Catholic Church
Said both were INTOLERANT and limited freedom that ppl deserved by laws of nature
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Most radical philosopher
Suggested we return to nature( small communities no ownership of land)
Bc society corrupted human nature
Habsburg family
Powerful family were catholic Protestants didn’t wanna see them gain power
Charles V wanted to unify all areas under his control ( unsuccessful)
Abdicated his throne
Who ruled Spain at height of power
Philip II son of Charles V
Ferdinand and Isabella did what of Spain
Sponsored Christopher Columbus and drove out Muslims out of southern Italy
Spanish and French Kings had lots of power became
Absolute monarchs
French kinds buggy bureaucracy helped get taxed and cultivated a belief in
Divine rights - gods blessing of kings authority- legitimacy of royals
what two places developed a new style of gov constitutionalism
Britain and Netherlands
Rulers shared power w parliament - ruler like others is subject to laws passed by parliament
House of orange
Protestant pair William and Mary ruled w parliament
Capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership of property and business that produce goods to be bough and sold in free market
Mercantilism
The responsibility of gov to promote the states economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders
Joint stock companies
Organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares
New capitalist sys replaced
Old guild system Middle Ages
Guilds represented collective not individual
They produced good thru PUTTING OUT SYS
Entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to workers in their homes where they transformed the product to he picked up later
Europeans altered what
Altered inventions made elsewhere to suit their needs
New mapmaking technique called
The Mercator projection well suite for travel on Atlantic
Also made guns
Rapid pop. Growth bc two reasons
Increased average life span led to increased pop
1- healthier diets possible bc increase in food bc expanding trade networks
2- old diseases less deadly
Pop growth allowed for
Rapid economic expansion which was fuel for European settlements in new world
Renaissance / reformation and enlightenment opened Europeans minds to
Invention escape from social boundaries and intellectuals
Europe moved to center stage because of
Cultural changes
Political consolidation of centralized states
Technological advances and capitalism
Kings had enough money and power to
Control regional lands and sponsor trade expeditions
Tech advances and capitalism allowed Europe to
Increase their riches thru trade and territorial claims in w hemisphere
Crusades of 12th and 13th century
Started movement of European knights into Middle East ( trade b/w Europe and Middle East)
What led to urbanization
Regions growing trade and wealth of merchants
Wealthy merchants competed for
Power and became patrons
Genoa Venice Milan Florence were
City states that collected tax to support army
What led to concept of renaissance man
Artists interest in philosophy/ politics/science
Means a person often genius who knows a lot
