HHRI! Flashcards
Development acronyms:
GDP GNI HDI HPI EW EF
What does HPI stand for?
Happy Planet Index
What are GDP and GNI?
Economic indicators expressed in per capita terms
Who was a key advocate of development focusing on health, life expectancy and human rights?
Hans Rosling
Positives of education:
Better job with higher wages
Standing up for human rights
Increases life expectancy
Prevents illiteracy
UNESCO aims:
Every child gets access to quality education
Peace and security by promoting international collaboration
Promotes cultural diversity
What does UNESCO stand for?
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
What are seen by some as more significant goals for development?
Improvements in health, life expectancy, education and human rights
BUT economic growth is seen as best means of delivering them
Which continent has the lowest life expectancy?
Africa
Reliable indicators of health in the developing world:
Life expectancy
Number of doctors per 100,000 people
% of population with access to essential drugs
Differences in healthcare:
Some countries have free national health services funded by tax
Some countries have private healthcare
Different countries spend more on healthcare
What does deprivation mean?
A situation of poor diet, poor housing and poor healthcare
What are some factors lowering aboriginal life expectancy?
Discrimination
Low education levels
Poor housing
High unemployment
Which group of people in Australia has the lowest life expectancy?
Aboriginals
What can explain large variations in health and life expectancy in the developing world?
Different access to basic needs eg. Food, water supply and sanitation
What can explain variations in health and life expectancy in the developed world?
Differences in lifestyles, levels of deprivation and the availability, cost and effectiveness of medical care
Factors causing variation in LE:
Ethnicity Poverty and deprivation Lifestyle Socio-economic status Access to healthcare
Types of government:
Left wing (socialists) Right wing (capitalists)
What drives human development in most countries by providing capital and human resources?
Economic development
Three main IGOs:
WTO
IMF
WB
World Trade Organisation:
Reduces barriers to trade
Reduces tariffs
Eliminates quotas
How large was the loan that Britain accepted from the IMF in 1976?
$3.9bn
Which nation does the IMF promote as its most successful SAP in Africa?
Ghana
Examples of nations classified as Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)?
Senegal
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
The IMF:
Promotes global economic stability
Encourages developing countries to accept FDI
Promotes a capitalist model
The World Bank:
Lends money to the developing world
Sometimes criticised for priorities economic development over social
Helps develop connections with global economy
Main aims of the Bretton Woods institutions:
Free trade
Economic development
Increase FDI
Provide capital to developing economies
Which convention protects the rights of prisoners of war?
Geneva Convention
Which country was banned by the IOC from the 2018 Olympics in an example of a sanction?
Russia
The United Nations:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
International Court of Justice
UN Security Council
The UN aims to protect human rights by adopting what principals?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
How many MDGs are there?
8
What is the aim of the MDGs?
To fight poverty and combat a range of issues hampering human development
What is the second worst world region for development problems?
Oceania
Disadvantages that mean people left behind in development:
Sex Age Ethnicity Geographical location Disability
What do the SDGs and broader sustainability agenda address?
The root causes of puberty and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people
What does SDG stand for?
Sustainable Development Goals
What was the overall goal of the MDGs?
Reducing the development gap between the poorest and richest countries
Focus areas of the UNDP:
Sustainable development
Climate and disaster resilience
Democratic governance and peace building
Human rights:
Give moral principles for behaviour
Are inherent in all human beings
Are universal
Are egalitarian
The legality of the UDHR:
It is not legally binding
A declaration not a treaty
Violations of the UDHR have been used to justify a number of military interventions
Examples of countries who abstained from the UDHR when it was agreed in 1948?
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Soviet Union
What forms a basis in international law for prosecuting individuals and organisations who commit war crimes?
The Geneva Convention
The Geneva Convention:
For war crimes
Held by 196 countries
Over 150 countries still torture people
What was included in the 30 universal rights of the UDHR?
Freedom of speech and movement
Education
Justice
Banning of torture
Freedom House’s countries:
‘Free’ : open political competition and respect for civil liberties
‘Partly free’ : some restrictions on politics and civil liberties
‘Not free’ : political rights and liberties are either absent or violated
Political corruption:
Election rigging
Businesses or rich individuals dictate government policy
Diverting foreign aid
What is the CPI?
The Corruption Perceptions Index
Human rights issues in India:
Violence against Muslims
Caste-based discrimination
Sexual abuse and violence against women
What is true for many post colonial countries?
Indigenous people often left out
Colonial borders cut across traditional ethnic borders
Some ethnic groups had few rights
In the governments of post-colonial countries, who were often excluded?
Indigenous people
Threats to Indigenous Americans:
High suicide rates
Oil extraction
Mining
Agro-industrial projects
Which population in America have the highest suicide rate?
Indigenous Americans
What were women banned from doing in Afghanistan by the Taliban?
Showing skin in public
Leaving house without a male chaperone
Working
Going to school
What kind of law did the Taliban reinterpret and enforce in their own way?
Sharia law
What percentage of the population of Australia are Aboriginal?
2%
Immigration in Australia:
Immigration into the country is carefully controlled
Refugees and asylum seekers are held on offshore islands
Over 40% of Australians originate from countries that are not the UK or Ireland
Bolivian ethnicity:
10% are of indigenous origin
60% are white
30% are mestizo
How many different ethnic groups are there in Bolivia?
35
Treatment of aboriginal people:
Poor access to healthcare
Poor access to education
They face discrimination
What is the target set by the OECD for bilateral aid as a percentage of GNI?
0.7%
Forms of ODA:
Loans of money that attract interest and require repayment
Technical assistance through the transfer of expertise, technology and education
Mutual benefit interventions:
Strengthening security and stability
Promoting international trade
Encouraging inward investment of FDI
Producing military aid and support
What does ODA stand for?
Official Development Assistance
What is the Doha Development Agenda aimed at?
Lowering trade barriers
What is the ASEAN?
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
What are NGOs?
Charities that are not subject to government intervention eg. Amnesty International (primarily concerned with human rights)
Examples of IGOs:
World Trade Organisation
International Monetary Fund
World Bank
What was HRW first named?
Helsinki Watch
What does HRW do?
Challenges non-compliant governments
Has direct conversations with policy makers
Monitors violations of the UDHR
Human rights variables:
Democratic elections
Freedom of speech
Gender equality
Programmes for refugees
Why did Teresa May say she approved strikes in Syria without UN approval?
UN were too slow
What are failed states?
Countries whose governments have lost political control
No longer able to fulfil basic responsibilities of a sovereign state
Fighting terrorist organisations methods:
Surveillance
Intelligence gathering
Torture (abuses human rights under UDHR)
Examples of military aid:
UK to Kenya
UK to Saudi Arabia
US to Pakistan
What is banned under the UDHR but has sometimes been used to interrogate suspected terrorists?
Torture
How many people are thought to have fled Syria in recent years?
4 million
Costs of military intervention:
Cities destroyed
Huge numbers of deaths
Lots of refugees
What is an issue not covered by military interventions?
Greater care of the environment
When did Côte d’Ivoire gain independence from France?
1960
How many deaths did the war in Afghanistan cause?
150,000
What organisation emerged in the aftermath of the chaos following the Iraqi and Afghanistan conflicts?
IS (Daesh)
What were the UN peacekeeping force sent to do in Côte d’Ivoire ?
Protect civilians
Bring about disarmament
Reintegrate people
Protect human rights
What charity was founded in the UK to deal with the hunger and starvation that existed during WW2?
Oxfam
Ways that development aid can vary:
Scale
Financially
Timescale
Mix of aid providers
How much money was donated from 1990-2009 to Haiti by the USA, Canada and the EU?
Over US$5 billion
Emergency aid after Haiti 2010 earthquake:
0.5mil people still live in temp shelters
Aid and emergency help was poorly organised
Corruption soaked up large sums of money
IGOs and NGOs got in each other’s way and competed on the ground
How much aid money was sent to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake?
US$12billion
How many people were living in extreme poverty in 2015?
836 million
Examples of physical malaria eradication techniques:
Draining swamps
Spraying swamps with DDT
Distributing mosquito nets
What is the current aid budget of the UK?
Over £12 billion
What country receives a lot of the UK’s aid but is an emerging economy?
India
Effects of oil production on the Niger Delta:
Environment and human health is threatened by pollution of air water and farmland by many unattended oil spills as well as gas flares and frequenct fires
Losses for local people from oil industry in Niger Delta:
Traditional ways of life
Fishing
Farming
What is land grabbing?
The illegal acquisition of large areas of land in developing countries by TNCs, governments and wealthy individuals
What level has aid more recently been directed at?
Grass roots
Unsuccessful aid:
Inappropriate forms of aid
Syphoning of funds because of corruption
Lack of good governance
Civil and political unrest
Response to Ebola:
NGOs: eg. Medicins Sans Frontieres
UN
Ebola aid:
Establishing new medical centres
Providing medical supplies
Education programmes
Ensuring safe burials
When was West Africa declared Ebola free?
2016
What has bottom up aid done for less well off people?
Improved access to primary education, sanitation and healthcare
What kind of aid has been said to increase economic polarisation?
Top-down
How do superpowers use aid to benefit themselves?
As a way to extend their foreign policies and gain influence, often with strings attached
