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Human Geography > HHRI! > Flashcards

HHRI! Flashcards

1
Q

Development acronyms:

A 
GDP
GNI
HDI
HPI
EW
EF
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2
Q

What does HPI stand for?

A

Happy Planet Index

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3
Q

What are GDP and GNI?

A

Economic indicators expressed in per capita terms

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4
Q

Who was a key advocate of development focusing on health, life expectancy and human rights?

A

Hans Rosling

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5
Q

Positives of education:

A

Better job with higher wages
Standing up for human rights
Increases life expectancy
Prevents illiteracy

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6
Q

UNESCO aims:

A

Every child gets access to quality education
Peace and security by promoting international collaboration
Promotes cultural diversity

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7
Q

What does UNESCO stand for?

A

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation

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8
Q

What are seen by some as more significant goals for development?

A

Improvements in health, life expectancy, education and human rights
BUT economic growth is seen as best means of delivering them

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9
Q

Which continent has the lowest life expectancy?

A

Africa

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10
Q

Reliable indicators of health in the developing world:

A

Life expectancy
Number of doctors per 100,000 people
% of population with access to essential drugs

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11
Q

Differences in healthcare:

A

Some countries have free national health services funded by tax
Some countries have private healthcare
Different countries spend more on healthcare

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12
Q

What does deprivation mean?

A

A situation of poor diet, poor housing and poor healthcare

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13
Q

What are some factors lowering aboriginal life expectancy?

A

Discrimination
Low education levels
Poor housing
High unemployment

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14
Q

Which group of people in Australia has the lowest life expectancy?

A

Aboriginals

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15
Q

What can explain large variations in health and life expectancy in the developing world?

A

Different access to basic needs eg. Food, water supply and sanitation

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16
Q

What can explain variations in health and life expectancy in the developed world?

A

Differences in lifestyles, levels of deprivation and the availability, cost and effectiveness of medical care

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17
Q

Factors causing variation in LE:

A 
Ethnicity
Poverty and deprivation
Lifestyle
Socio-economic status
Access to healthcare
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18
Q

Types of government:

A 
Left wing (socialists)
Right wing (capitalists)
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19
Q

What drives human development in most countries by providing capital and human resources?

A

Economic development

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20
Q

Three main IGOs:

A

WTO
IMF
WB

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21
Q

World Trade Organisation:

A

Reduces barriers to trade
Reduces tariffs
Eliminates quotas

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22
Q

How large was the loan that Britain accepted from the IMF in 1976?

A

$3.9bn

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23
Q

Which nation does the IMF promote as its most successful SAP in Africa?

A

Ghana

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24
Q

Examples of nations classified as Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)?

A

Senegal
Ethiopia
Afghanistan

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25
Q

The IMF:

A

Promotes global economic stability
Encourages developing countries to accept FDI
Promotes a capitalist model

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26
Q

The World Bank:

A

Lends money to the developing world
Sometimes criticised for priorities economic development over social
Helps develop connections with global economy

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27
Q

Main aims of the Bretton Woods institutions:

A

Free trade
Economic development
Increase FDI
Provide capital to developing economies

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28
Q

Which convention protects the rights of prisoners of war?

A

Geneva Convention

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29
Q

Which country was banned by the IOC from the 2018 Olympics in an example of a sanction?

A

Russia

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30
Q

The United Nations:

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
International Court of Justice
UN Security Council

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31
Q

The UN aims to protect human rights by adopting what principals?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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32
Q

How many MDGs are there?

A

8

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33
Q

What is the aim of the MDGs?

A

To fight poverty and combat a range of issues hampering human development

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34
Q

What is the second worst world region for development problems?

A

Oceania

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35
Q

Disadvantages that mean people left behind in development:

A 
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Geographical location
Disability
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36
Q

What do the SDGs and broader sustainability agenda address?

A

The root causes of puberty and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people

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37
Q

What does SDG stand for?

A

Sustainable Development Goals

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38
Q

What was the overall goal of the MDGs?

A

Reducing the development gap between the poorest and richest countries

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39
Q

Focus areas of the UNDP:

A

Sustainable development
Climate and disaster resilience
Democratic governance and peace building

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40
Q

Human rights:

A

Give moral principles for behaviour
Are inherent in all human beings
Are universal
Are egalitarian

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41
Q

The legality of the UDHR:

A

It is not legally binding
A declaration not a treaty
Violations of the UDHR have been used to justify a number of military interventions

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42
Q

Examples of countries who abstained from the UDHR when it was agreed in 1948?

A

Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Soviet Union

43
Q

What forms a basis in international law for prosecuting individuals and organisations who commit war crimes?

A

The Geneva Convention

44
Q

The Geneva Convention:

A

For war crimes
Held by 196 countries
Over 150 countries still torture people

45
Q

What was included in the 30 universal rights of the UDHR?

A

Freedom of speech and movement
Education
Justice
Banning of torture

46
Q

Freedom House’s countries:

A

‘Free’ : open political competition and respect for civil liberties
‘Partly free’ : some restrictions on politics and civil liberties
‘Not free’ : political rights and liberties are either absent or violated

47
Q

Political corruption:

A

Election rigging
Businesses or rich individuals dictate government policy
Diverting foreign aid

48
Q

What is the CPI?

A

The Corruption Perceptions Index

49
Q

Human rights issues in India:

A

Violence against Muslims
Caste-based discrimination
Sexual abuse and violence against women

50
Q

What is true for many post colonial countries?

A

Indigenous people often left out
Colonial borders cut across traditional ethnic borders
Some ethnic groups had few rights

51
Q

In the governments of post-colonial countries, who were often excluded?

A

Indigenous people

52
Q

Threats to Indigenous Americans:

A

High suicide rates
Oil extraction
Mining
Agro-industrial projects

53
Q

Which population in America have the highest suicide rate?

A

Indigenous Americans

54
Q

What were women banned from doing in Afghanistan by the Taliban?

A

Showing skin in public
Leaving house without a male chaperone
Working
Going to school

55
Q

What kind of law did the Taliban reinterpret and enforce in their own way?

A

Sharia law

56
Q

What percentage of the population of Australia are Aboriginal?

A

2%

57
Q

Immigration in Australia:

A

Immigration into the country is carefully controlled
Refugees and asylum seekers are held on offshore islands
Over 40% of Australians originate from countries that are not the UK or Ireland

58
Q

Bolivian ethnicity:

A

10% are of indigenous origin
60% are white
30% are mestizo

59
Q

How many different ethnic groups are there in Bolivia?

A

35

60
Q

Treatment of aboriginal people:

A

Poor access to healthcare
Poor access to education
They face discrimination

61
Q

What is the target set by the OECD for bilateral aid as a percentage of GNI?

A

0.7%

62
Q

Forms of ODA:

A

Loans of money that attract interest and require repayment

Technical assistance through the transfer of expertise, technology and education

63
Q

Mutual benefit interventions:

A

Strengthening security and stability
Promoting international trade
Encouraging inward investment of FDI
Producing military aid and support

64
Q

What does ODA stand for?

A

Official Development Assistance

65
Q

What is the Doha Development Agenda aimed at?

A

Lowering trade barriers

66
Q

What is the ASEAN?

A

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

67
Q

What are NGOs?

A

Charities that are not subject to government intervention eg. Amnesty International (primarily concerned with human rights)

68
Q

Examples of IGOs:

A

World Trade Organisation
International Monetary Fund
World Bank

69
Q

What was HRW first named?

A

Helsinki Watch

70
Q

What does HRW do?

A

Challenges non-compliant governments
Has direct conversations with policy makers
Monitors violations of the UDHR

71
Q

Human rights variables:

A

Democratic elections
Freedom of speech
Gender equality
Programmes for refugees

72
Q

Why did Teresa May say she approved strikes in Syria without UN approval?

A

UN were too slow

73
Q

What are failed states?

A

Countries whose governments have lost political control

No longer able to fulfil basic responsibilities of a sovereign state

74
Q

Fighting terrorist organisations methods:

A

Surveillance
Intelligence gathering
Torture (abuses human rights under UDHR)

75
Q

Examples of military aid:

A

UK to Kenya
UK to Saudi Arabia
US to Pakistan

76
Q

What is banned under the UDHR but has sometimes been used to interrogate suspected terrorists?

A

Torture

77
Q

How many people are thought to have fled Syria in recent years?

A

4 million

78
Q

Costs of military intervention:

A

Cities destroyed
Huge numbers of deaths
Lots of refugees

79
Q

What is an issue not covered by military interventions?

A

Greater care of the environment

80
Q

When did Côte d’Ivoire gain independence from France?

A

1960

81
Q

How many deaths did the war in Afghanistan cause?

A

150,000

82
Q

What organisation emerged in the aftermath of the chaos following the Iraqi and Afghanistan conflicts?

A

IS (Daesh)

83
Q

What were the UN peacekeeping force sent to do in Côte d’Ivoire ?

A

Protect civilians
Bring about disarmament
Reintegrate people
Protect human rights

84
Q

What charity was founded in the UK to deal with the hunger and starvation that existed during WW2?

A

Oxfam

85
Q

Ways that development aid can vary:

A

Scale
Financially
Timescale
Mix of aid providers

86
Q

How much money was donated from 1990-2009 to Haiti by the USA, Canada and the EU?

A

Over US$5 billion

87
Q

Emergency aid after Haiti 2010 earthquake:

A

0.5mil people still live in temp shelters
Aid and emergency help was poorly organised
Corruption soaked up large sums of money
IGOs and NGOs got in each other’s way and competed on the ground

88
Q

How much aid money was sent to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake?

A

US$12billion

89
Q

How many people were living in extreme poverty in 2015?

A

836 million

90
Q

Examples of physical malaria eradication techniques:

A

Draining swamps
Spraying swamps with DDT
Distributing mosquito nets

91
Q

What is the current aid budget of the UK?

A

Over £12 billion

92
Q

What country receives a lot of the UK’s aid but is an emerging economy?

A

India

93
Q

Effects of oil production on the Niger Delta:

A

Environment and human health is threatened by pollution of air water and farmland by many unattended oil spills as well as gas flares and frequenct fires

94
Q

Losses for local people from oil industry in Niger Delta:

A

Traditional ways of life
Fishing
Farming

95
Q

What is land grabbing?

A

The illegal acquisition of large areas of land in developing countries by TNCs, governments and wealthy individuals

96
Q

What level has aid more recently been directed at?

A

Grass roots

97
Q

Unsuccessful aid:

A

Inappropriate forms of aid
Syphoning of funds because of corruption
Lack of good governance
Civil and political unrest

98
Q

Response to Ebola:

A

NGOs: eg. Medicins Sans Frontieres

UN

99
Q

Ebola aid:

A

Establishing new medical centres
Providing medical supplies
Education programmes
Ensuring safe burials

100
Q

When was West Africa declared Ebola free?

A

2016

101
Q

What has bottom up aid done for less well off people?

A

Improved access to primary education, sanitation and healthcare

102
Q

What kind of aid has been said to increase economic polarisation?

A

Top-down

103
Q

How do superpowers use aid to benefit themselves?

A

As a way to extend their foreign policies and gain influence, often with strings attached

Human Geography (5 decks)

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