Heredity and Genetics

Question 1

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 2

True or False:

ATP is a nucleic acid

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Name some characteristics of ATP

Answer 3

Creates heat in the body, produced in mitochondria through cellular respiration, break phosphate bonds to get heat (High phosphate is very explosive when broken)

Question 4

What does terminal phosphate do?

Answer 4

Holds most of the energy

Question 5

True or False:

Adenosine diphosphate is the second bond to break off

Answer 5

False, it is the first to break off

Question 6

What does ADP stand for?

Answer 6

Adenosine diphosphate

Question 7

What are traits?

Answer 7

Physical characteristics produced by heredity factors (genes)

Question 8

What are genes?

Answer 8

Segments of chromosomes that code for a particular trait

Question 9

What is the position/location of genes called?

Answer 9

Locus

Question 10

What is an allele?

Answer 10

Alternate form of some gene

Question 11

Give an example of an allele

Answer 11

Tall– Short
Brown eyes– Blue Eyes
Fluffy– Smooth

Question 12

What are the two forms of an allele?

Answer 12

Dominate and recessive

Question 13

When is a recessive gene expressed?

Answer 13

When both recessive alleles are carried

Question 14

What is a genotype?

Answer 14

Arrangement of alleles in chromosomes (Actual genetics)

Question 15

What is a phenotype?

Answer 15

Whatever characteristics that are expressed in result to genotype

(PHysical characteristics=PHenotype)

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Mendilian Genetics?

Answer 16

Law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment

Question 17

What is the law of dominance?

Answer 17

Dominant genes are always expressed

Question 18

What is heterozygous?

Answer 18

Mix, one dominate and one recessive

Question 19

What is the law of segregation?

Answer 19

Individual alleles are segregated randomly

Question 20

What is purebred?

Answer 20

Homozygous

Just one allele (Only dominate)

Question 21

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 21

Two individual traits segregate independently of each other

-Allele and traits are random

Question 22

Explain a test cross

Answer 22

Take an unknown and test it with a homozygous/recessive cross

Question 23

What is co-dominance?

Answer 23

When both alleles are expressed equally

VERY rare

Question 24

Give an example of co-dominance

Answer 24

Blood Type

Question 25

What is incomplete dominance? Give an example

Answer 25

Blending Cross a red flower with a white flower and the offspring is a pink flower

Question 26

What is a multiple allele and when do we see it?

Answer 26

Have a third allele, more than two traits for locus Only found in blood types (ABO)

Question 27

Explain sex-links

Answer 27

Only with sex chromosomes (Only if trait is linked to the sex) Males and colorblindness, Barrbody in calico cats

Question 28

Enzymes can be either...

Answer 28

Proteins or lipids

Question 29

Why can you not see chromosomes during interphase?

Answer 29

DNA is unwound

Question 30

What does the helicase enzyme do?

Answer 30

Initiates the untwisting of DNA helix and separates portions of DNA into two nuclide chains (Unzips DNA)

Question 31

What are primases?

Answer 31

Tells where to start the replication of DNA (Directors)

Question 32

What is primer?

Answer 32

Short chain of RNA to DNA template strand

Question 33

What are the first five steps of DNA replication?

Answer 33

1. Chromatin uncoils 2. DNA unwraps and separates from histones 3. Helicase enzyme (DNA unzips) 4. Anything unzipped needs to be paired with complimentary base pairs (ex. A with T, C with G) 5. Enzymes come in and tell where to make protein to start the replication (primases come in)

Question 34

What are the last five steps of DNA replication?

Answer 34

6. Primases attach ten nucleotide (RNA) primers 7. DNA polymerase III places complementary nucleotides along template strand and links them together 8. Start moving in one direction [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 9. Histones come in and help rewind/re-coil DNA 10. (DNA is fully wrapped) DNA strands become chromatids and join together at a center point (centromere)

Question 35

At the end of DNA replication, is the DNA parallel or anti-parallel?

Answer 35

DNA is anti-parallel

Question 36

What is the centromere?

Answer 36

Center point

Question 37

True or False: | The leading strand is made of segments?

Answer 37

False. | The leading strand is made continuously

Question 38

The lagging strand is not made continuously, it is made of...

Answer 38

Segments