Heredity and Genetics Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
True or False:
ATP is a nucleic acid
True
Name some characteristics of ATP
Creates heat in the body, produced in mitochondria through cellular respiration, break phosphate bonds to get heat (High phosphate is very explosive when broken)
What does terminal phosphate do?
Holds most of the energy
True or False:
Adenosine diphosphate is the second bond to break off
False, it is the first to break off
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate
What are traits?
Physical characteristics produced by heredity factors (genes)
What are genes?
Segments of chromosomes that code for a particular trait
What is the position/location of genes called?
Locus
What is an allele?
Alternate form of some gene
Give an example of an allele
Tall– Short
Brown eyes– Blue Eyes
Fluffy– Smooth
What are the two forms of an allele?
Dominate and recessive
When is a recessive gene expressed?
When both recessive alleles are carried
What is a genotype?
Arrangement of alleles in chromosomes (Actual genetics)
What is a phenotype?
Whatever characteristics that are expressed in result to genotype
(PHysical characteristics=PHenotype)
What are the characteristics of Mendilian Genetics?
Law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment
What is the law of dominance?
Dominant genes are always expressed
What is heterozygous?
Mix, one dominate and one recessive
What is the law of segregation?
Individual alleles are segregated randomly
What is purebred?
Homozygous
Just one allele (Only dominate)
What is the law of independent assortment?
Two individual traits segregate independently of each other
-Allele and traits are random
Explain a test cross
Take an unknown and test it with a homozygous/recessive cross
What is co-dominance?
When both alleles are expressed equally
VERY rare
Give an example of co-dominance
Blood Type
What is incomplete dominance?
Give an example
Blending
Cross a red flower with a white flower and the offspring is a pink flower
What is a multiple allele and when do we see it?
Have a third allele, more than two traits for locus
Only found in blood types (ABO)
Explain sex-links
Only with sex chromosomes
(Only if trait is linked to the sex)
Males and colorblindness, Barrbody in calico cats
Enzymes can be either…
Proteins or lipids
Why can you not see chromosomes during interphase?
DNA is unwound
What does the helicase enzyme do?
Initiates the untwisting of DNA helix and separates portions of DNA into two nuclide chains
(Unzips DNA)
What are primases?
Tells where to start the replication of DNA (Directors)
What is primer?
Short chain of RNA to DNA template strand
What are the first five steps of DNA replication?
- Chromatin uncoils
- DNA unwraps and separates from histones
- Helicase enzyme (DNA unzips)
- Anything unzipped needs to be paired with complimentary base pairs (ex. A with T, C with G)
- Enzymes come in and tell where to make protein to start the replication (primases come in)
What are the last five steps of DNA replication?
- Primases attach ten nucleotide (RNA) primers
- DNA polymerase III places complementary nucleotides along template strand and links them together
- Start moving in one direction
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ] - Histones come in and help rewind/re-coil DNA
- (DNA is fully wrapped) DNA strands become chromatids and join together at a center point (centromere)
At the end of DNA replication, is the DNA parallel or anti-parallel?
DNA is anti-parallel
What is the centromere?
Center point
True or False:
The leading strand is made of segments?
False.
The leading strand is made continuously
The lagging strand is not made continuously, it is made of…
Segments
