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BioChem > Heredity and Genetics > Flashcards

Heredity and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

True or False:

ATP is a nucleic acid

A

True

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3
Q

Name some characteristics of ATP

A

Creates heat in the body, produced in mitochondria through cellular respiration, break phosphate bonds to get heat (High phosphate is very explosive when broken)

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4
Q

What does terminal phosphate do?

A

Holds most of the energy

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5
Q

True or False:

Adenosine diphosphate is the second bond to break off

A

False, it is the first to break off

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6
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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7
Q

What are traits?

A

Physical characteristics produced by heredity factors (genes)

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8
Q

What are genes?

A

Segments of chromosomes that code for a particular trait

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9
Q

What is the position/location of genes called?

A

Locus

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10
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternate form of some gene

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11
Q

Give an example of an allele

A

Tall– Short
Brown eyes– Blue Eyes
Fluffy– Smooth

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12
Q

What are the two forms of an allele?

A

Dominate and recessive

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13
Q

When is a recessive gene expressed?

A

When both recessive alleles are carried

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14
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Arrangement of alleles in chromosomes (Actual genetics)

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15
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Whatever characteristics that are expressed in result to genotype

(PHysical characteristics=PHenotype)

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Mendilian Genetics?

A

Law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment

17
Q

What is the law of dominance?

A

Dominant genes are always expressed

18
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Mix, one dominate and one recessive

19
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Individual alleles are segregated randomly

20
Q

What is purebred?

A

Homozygous

Just one allele (Only dominate)

21
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Two individual traits segregate independently of each other

-Allele and traits are random

22
Q

Explain a test cross

A

Take an unknown and test it with a homozygous/recessive cross

23
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

When both alleles are expressed equally

VERY rare

24
Q

Give an example of co-dominance

A

Blood Type

25
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

Give an example

A

Blending

Cross a red flower with a white flower and the offspring is a pink flower

26
Q

What is a multiple allele and when do we see it?

A

Have a third allele, more than two traits for locus

Only found in blood types (ABO)

27
Q

Explain sex-links

A

Only with sex chromosomes
(Only if trait is linked to the sex)
Males and colorblindness, Barrbody in calico cats

28
Q

Enzymes can be either…

A

Proteins or lipids

29
Q

Why can you not see chromosomes during interphase?

A

DNA is unwound

30
Q

What does the helicase enzyme do?

A

Initiates the untwisting of DNA helix and separates portions of DNA into two nuclide chains
(Unzips DNA)

31
Q

What are primases?

A

Tells where to start the replication of DNA (Directors)

32
Q

What is primer?

A

Short chain of RNA to DNA template strand

33
Q

What are the first five steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Chromatin uncoils
  2. DNA unwraps and separates from histones
  3. Helicase enzyme (DNA unzips)
  4. Anything unzipped needs to be paired with complimentary base pairs (ex. A with T, C with G)
  5. Enzymes come in and tell where to make protein to start the replication (primases come in)
34
Q

What are the last five steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Primases attach ten nucleotide (RNA) primers
  2. DNA polymerase III places complementary nucleotides along template strand and links them together
  3. Start moving in one direction
    [ ]
    [ ]
    [ ] [ ]
  4. Histones come in and help rewind/re-coil DNA
  5. (DNA is fully wrapped) DNA strands become chromatids and join together at a center point (centromere)
35
Q

At the end of DNA replication, is the DNA parallel or anti-parallel?

A

DNA is anti-parallel

36
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Center point

37
Q

True or False:

The leading strand is made of segments?

A

False.

The leading strand is made continuously

38
Q

The lagging strand is not made continuously, it is made of…

A

Segments

BioChem (7 decks)

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