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BIO CRUNCH TIME > Heredity > Flashcards

Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature in an organism

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2
Q

Trait

A

Variants of a character

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3
Q

True-breeding

A

A scenario where self-pollination always produces the same organism

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4
Q

P generation

A

True-breeding parental generation

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5
Q

F1 generation

A

Direct hybrids of true-breeding generation

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6
Q

F2 generation

A

Self-pollination of F1 generation

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7
Q

Dominant trait

A

A trait that is expressed over the recessive trait

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8
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative version of genes

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9
Q

Somatic cell

A

Body cell (non-sex cell)

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10
Q

Law of segregation

A

Two alleles for a character segregate during meiosis and arrive at different gametes

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

Pair of identical alleles

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

Pair of different alleles (dominant one is expressed)

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of a gene

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup

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15
Q

Testcross

A

A cross between recessive and an unknown organism to determine if the genotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

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16
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross of two organisms that are hybridized for one trait (3:1 phenotypic ratio)

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17
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Cross of two organisms that are hybridized for two traits (9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio)

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18
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Pairs of allele segregates independently of other pairs during gamete formation

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19
Q

Complete dominance

A

Heterozygotes exhibit no phenotypic trace of the recessive allele

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20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygotes have a mixture, or blending, of both alleles

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21
Q

Codominance

A

Heterozygotes exhibit both alleles at once

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22
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

Disease with improperly functioning enzymes that lead to lipid accumulation in the brain; requires two alleles to manifest, but just one allele produces mediocre enzymes

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23
Q

Blood types

A

A, B, AB, O (describing surface carbs of a blood cell)

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24
Q

Pleiotropy

A

A condition where a gene is affected by multiple phenotypes

25
Q

Epistasis

A

Phenotypic expression of one gene alters expression of a second gene

26
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Phenotype is influenced by multiple genes

27
Q

Multifactorial genes

A

Character influenced by genetic and environmental factors

28
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree describing traits of parents and descendants

29
Q

Carriers

A

Heterozygotes who carry recessive alleles for a condition without expressing them

30
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A disease preventing proper chloride ion transport in certain cells, causing thick mucus buildup

31
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

A condition resulting in warped blood cells which cannot hold oxygen well

32
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

The heterozygotic condition of sickle cell disease; results in some sickled and some regular blood cells

33
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A late-onset disease that is passed onto offspring well before it manifests

34
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Fetal testing using cultured amniotic cluid

35
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

Fetal testing using cultured placenta tissue

36
Q

PKU

A

A disorder that prevents breakdown of phenylalanine

37
Q

Benefits of Drosophila in experiments

A

Short generation time, plenty of offspring, four pairs of chromosomes

38
Q

Sex-linked gene

A

A gene present on a sex chromosome

39
Q

Systems of sex chromosomes

A

X-Y: gamete in sperm dictates sex
Z-W: gamete in egg dictates sex
X-0: males have one sex chromosome
Haploid-diploid: females are diploid, males are haploid

40
Q

SRY

A

A gene on the Y chromosome that causes testes to form

41
Q

Hemizygous

A

Describes a male with one allele present on the Y chromosome

42
Q

Barr body

A

Condensed remnant of inactivated X chromosome

43
Q

Linked genes

A

Occur near each other on the same chromosome

44
Q

Recombinants

A

Offspring with different traits from the parents

45
Q

Recombination frequency

A

Percent of offspring with recombinant type

46
Q

Crossing over

A

Produces recombination

47
Q

Linkage map

A

A representation of recombination frequencies

48
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate

49
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of a single chromosome

50
Q

Monosomy

A

A chromosome is missing from a pair

51
Q

Trisomy

A

A chromosome is added to a pair

52
Q

Polyploidy

A

An entire set of chromosomes is replicated

53
Q

Deletion

A

Chromosome fragment is lost

54
Q

Duplication

A

Chromosome fragment is duplicated

55
Q

Inversion

A

Chromosome segment is reversed

56
Q

Translocation

A

Chromosome segment moves to another, non-homologous chromosome

57
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down’s syndrome, results in developmental delays and physical aberrations

58
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY, sterile male sex organs

59
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Monosomy X, sterile female sex organs

BIO CRUNCH TIME (7 decks)

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