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BIO CRUNCH TIME > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Packages of DNA that hold many genes

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

Complexes of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

Cells of the human body: contain 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Gamete cells

A

Sperm/egg cells in the body; contain 23 chromosomes

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5
Q

Sister chromatid

A

One of a pair of chromatids in a duplicated chromosome

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6
Q

Centromere

A

Place where sister chromatids join, exhibits slight pinching

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material within the nucleus

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8
Q

Cell cycle phases (excluding mitosis)

A

G1 phase: cell grows
S phase: DNA copies
G2 phase: cell grows more

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9
Q

Centrosomes

A

Regions in the cell that organize spindle microtubules

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10
Q

Prophase

A

Spindle fibers grow; chromosomes condense; centrosomes drift apart

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11
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules drift around; some attach to kinetochores

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12
Q

Kinetochore

A

A special protein structure on the chromosome’s centromere

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, cell elongates

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15
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei form, chromosomes de-condense

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16
Q

Aster

A

Radial array of short microtubules that attaches to plasma membrane later in mitosis

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17
Q

Role of kinetochore microtubules

A

Pull sister chromatids apart

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18
Q

Role of non-kinetochore microtubules

A

Elongate the cell

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19
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

A contractile ring of proteins that pinches the cell into two daughters

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20
Q

Cell plate

A

A partly-formed barrier between two dividing plant cells

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21
Q

Binary fission

A

Process of asexual reproduction in bacteria

22
Q

Origin of replication

A

Point on a bacterial chromosome where DNA begins replicating

23
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

A cycle of molecules in the cell that coordinates key events in the cell cycle

24
Q

Checkpoint

A

A stop-and-go point in the cell cycle to check whether the necessary prep for the next stage is complete

25
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

A

Kinases that activate only when bound to cyclin

26
Q

Cyclin

A

A protein in the cell that fluctuates its concentration

27
Q

MPF

A

A cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers cell passage into M phase

28
Q

G0 phase

A

A non-dividing phase, which is reached if the G1 checkpoint is not passed for a long time

29
Q

PDGF

A

Growth factor from platelets

30
Q

Growth factor

A

A protein released by some cells to stimulate others into dividing

31
Q

Density-dependent inhibition

A

A halt to cell division among overcrowded cells

32
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

A requirement of a substrate for cells to divide

33
Q

HeLa cells

A

Cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks; have continued reproducing since 1951

34
Q

Benign tumor

A

Mass of cancer cells that remains at the original site

35
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Mass of cancer cells that can spread to new tissues

36
Q

Metastatis

A

Spread of cancer cells to other sites

37
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Creation of clone offspring from a single parent

38
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Creation of unique offspring from two parents

39
Q

Karyotype

A

Visual depiction of an organism’s chromosomes

40
Q

X and Y chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes; XX is female, XY is male

41
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes

42
Q

Diploid cell

A

Has two sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)

43
Q

Haploid cell

A

Has one set of chromosomes (gamete cells)

44
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg; union of gametes

45
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division for gametes; reduces cells from diploid to haploid

46
Q

Sporophyte

A

A multicellular diploid stage in plants; meiosis of the sporophyte makes spores

47
Q

Gametophyte

A

A multicellular haploid stage in plants; mitosis of the gametophyte makes gametes

48
Q

Meiosis I

A

Splits a diploid parent with duplicated chromosomes into two haploid offspring with duplicated chromosomes

49
Q

Crossing over

A

The sealing of DNA breaks by bonding homologous chromosomes to each other

50
Q

Chiasmata

A

Regions where crossing over has occurred

51
Q

Synapsis

A

The process of binding DNA from homologous chromosomes to each other, causing crossing over

52
Q

Meiosis II

A

From two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes, makes four haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes and unique gene combos; essentially identical to mitosis

BIO CRUNCH TIME (7 decks)

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