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BIO CRUNCH TIME > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier that surrounds the cell

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with DNA contained in a double membrane-bound nucleus

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell with DNA concentrated in a region called the nucleoid

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus

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5
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections that increase the surface area of a cell

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

The container for most genes in a eukaryotic cell

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Discrete units of DNA that carry genetic information

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

A structure inside the nucleus that synthesizes ribosomes

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes of rRNA and protein; synthesize proteins from RNA; can be free in the cytosol or bound to ER

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10
Q

Endomembrane system

A

The multi-organelle pathway that regulates protein traffic and performs metabolism

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An extensive network of convoluted membranes

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks surface ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, stores calcium ions

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13
Q

Rough ER

A

Has surface ribosomes; modifies proteins and phospholipids

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Shipping center of the cell; receives at the cis face from ER, sends at the trans face to other areas

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15
Q

Cisternal maturation model

A

In the Golgi, the stacks of cisternae move from the cis to the trans face

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell breaking down food particles

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18
Q

Autophagy

A

Cell recycling damaged components

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19
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large vesicles that store materials

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration, change fuel to energy (ATP)

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis, change energy to organic molecules

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22
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

An idea that early eukaryotes assimilated prokaryotes, forming a merged eukaryote with mitochondria and/or chloroplasts

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23
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle that removes hydrogen from substrates

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that organizes cellular structures and activities

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25
Q

Microtubules

A

Thin, hollow tubes made of tubulin; includes centrioles, cilia, and flagella

26
Q

Microfilaments

A

Two intertwined strands of actin; includes myosin and cortical microfilaments

27
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Fibrous proteins coiled into cables

28
Q

Amphipathic

A

Describing a molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

29
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

A description of the cell membrane as a mosaic of proteins bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

30
Q

Cholesterol in the membrane

A

Moderates membrane fluidity to prevent breakup or solidification at extreme temperatures

31
Q

Integral proteins

A

Membrane proteins that partly or fully penetrate the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer

32
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Membrane proteins that are only loosely bound to the lipid bilayer

33
Q

Six main functions

A

Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to ECM/cytoskeleton

34
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids bonded to a membrane carbohydrate

35
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins bonded to a membrane carbohydrate

36
Q

Transport proteins

A

Facilitate movement of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

37
Q

Channel proteins

A

Contain a hydrophilic channel that allows molecules to pass across

38
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Change shape to shuttle their cargo across the membrane

39
Q

Diffusion

A

“Spreading out” phenomenon due to thermal energy of atoms/molecules

40
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The “slope” of concentration, from high to low

41
Q

Passive transport

A

Cell expends zero energy

42
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane

43
Q

Animal cell tonicity

A

Isotonic (ideal), hypertonic, hypotonic

44
Q

Plant cell tonicity

A

Turgid (ideal), flaccid, plasmolyzed

45
Q

Ion channels

A

Channel proteins for ions

46
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A carrier protein that moves sodium outside the cell and potassium into the cell, both against their concentration gradients

47
Q

Membrane potential

A

The slight difference in charge outside cells compared to inside

48
Q

Cotransporters

A

Transport proteins that couple the downhill movement of one solute with the uphill movement of a second

49
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of molecules out of cells

50
Q

Endocytosis

A

Taking in of outside matter by a cell

51
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating; extension of pseudopodia around a large particle to eat

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking; intake of tiny amounts of extracellular fluid

53
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis that is triggered by ligands binding to receptors

54
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Release of chemicals to all nearby cells

55
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Release of neurotransmitter due to an electrical signal

56
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Release of organism-wide hormone that only some cells respond to

57
Q

Three stages of cell signaling

A

Reception, transduction, response

58
Q

Ligand

A

A signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor; also called first messengers

59
Q

Three types of receptors

A

Ion channel receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinases

60
Q

Second messengers

A

Water soluble molecules that spread within the cell to trigger responses

BIO CRUNCH TIME (7 decks)

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