Hepatobiliary System

Question 1

• largest organ and is sheltered by the ribs in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
• metabolism, synthesis, detoxification, and storage of substances, including blood clotting and vitamin B storage

Answer 1

Liver

Question 2

• pear shaped sac
• stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, receiving it from the hepatic duct and empties it into the duodenum for GI system digestion

Answer 2

Gallbladder

Question 3

• a system of duct acts to drain bile produced in the liver in the duodenum

Answer 3

Biliary Tree

Question 4

• short part of the common bile duct

Answer 4

hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

Question 5

• flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Answer 5

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 6

• elongated, flat organ that obliquely crosses the left side of the abdomen behind the stomach

Answer 6

Pancreas

Question 7

The hepatobiliary system is composed of

Answer 7

liver, gallbladder, and biliary tree

Question 8

is used to visualize the biliary tree and involves insertion of a needle into the biliary tree by puncture directly through the wall of the abdomen.

Answer 8

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogra- phy (PTC)

Question 9

This pathology develops as lipids accumulate within the hepatocytes forming free radicals. At some point, the liver cannot rid itself of the excessive triglycerides. This results in an excess of fatty acids within

Answer 9

Fatty Liver Disease

Question 10

is a chronic liver condition in which the liver parenchyma and architecture are destroyed, fibrous tissue is laid down, and regenerative nodules are formed.

Answer 10

Cirrhosis

Question 11

is a relatively common liver condition, with an estimated 70,000 cases reported annu- ally in the United States.

Answer 11

Hepatitis

Question 12

is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) picornavirus.

Answer 12

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

Question 13

is transmitted paren- terally through infected serum or blood prod- ucts. Its incubation period is much longer (50 to 160 days), and its effects are more severe than those of HAV.

Answer 13

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Question 14

The incubation period of the disease is relatively short (15 to 50 days), and its course is usually mild.

Answer 14

Hepatitis A

Question 15

is caused by a paren- terally transmitted RNA virus.

Answer 15

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Question 16

is caused by an RNA virus and occurs only concurrently with acute or chronic HBV. It cannot occur alone.

Answer 16

Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

Question 17

is also an RNA viral agent. It is most commonly responsible for outbreaks of water- borne epidemic acute hepatitis in developing countries.

Answer 17

Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

Question 18

which has been recently isolated, may also be transmitted via blood products and may cause chronic hepatitis.

Answer 18

Hepatitis G virus (HGV),

Question 19

acute inflammation of the gallbladder

Answer 19

Cholecystitis

Question 20

Common in people with diabetes, obese, older adults and individuals who eat a primarily a diet high in saturated fat, sugar, and sodium and low in fiber and nutrient density

Answer 20

Cholelithiasis

Question 21

an inflammation of the pancreas, can be acute or chronic, with acute cases often resolving without permanent damage while chronic cases lead to irreversible pancreatic changes; diagnosis relies on imaging and laboratory tests, and management includes pain relief, fluid maintenance, and dietary restrictions.

Answer 21

Pancreatitis

Question 22

-yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes
- not a disease itself but rather a sign of disease
- caused by a high level of bilirubin ( a
yellow-ora

Answer 22

Jaundice

Question 23

-occurs because of hemolytic disease, in which too many red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed or because of liver damage from cirrhosis or hepatitis. Its most common appearance is transient in the first few days after birth, when more bile pigments are released than can be handled. A liver that is damaged from disease simply cannot excrete the bilirubin in a normal fashion, and it enters the bloodstream.

Answer 23

Medical (nonobstructive)
jaundice

Question 24

-occurs when the biliary system is obstructed and prevents bile from entering the duodenum. A common cause of this obstruction is blockage of the common bile duct caused by stones or masses. The longer the obstruction persists, the more likely it is that complications (e.g., liver injury, infection, or bleeding) will arise

Answer 24

Surgical (obstructive) jaundice

Question 25

-benign tumor of the liver
- occur most often in women using oral contraceptives

Answer 25

Hepatocellular Adenoma